1 、 Ibisobanuro by'ibikoresho bya kirimbuzi
Mu buryo bwagutse, ibikoresho bya kirimbuzi ni ijambo rusange ryibikoresho bikoreshwa gusa mu nganda za kirimbuzi n’ubushakashatsi bwa siyanse ya kirimbuzi, birimo lisansi n’ibikoresho bya kirimbuzi, ni ukuvuga ibikoresho bya peteroli.
Bikunze kuvugwa ibikoresho bya kirimbuzi ahanini bivuga ibikoresho bikoreshwa mubice bitandukanye bya reaktor, bizwi kandi nkibikoresho bya reaction. Ibikoresho bya reaktor birimo lisansi ya kirimbuzi ihura na kirimbuzi munsi y’ibisasu bya neutron, ibikoresho bipfunyika ibikoresho bya lisansi ya kirimbuzi, coolant, moderi ya neutron (moderi), ibikoresho byinkoni bigenzura cyane neutron, nibikoresho byerekana ko neutron itemba hanze ya reaction.
2 isano ihuza isano iri hagati yubutaka budasanzwe nubutunzi bwa kirimbuzi
Monazite, nanone yitwa phosphocerite na fosifoserite, ni imyunyu ngugu isanzwe ikoreshwa muri acide intermedie igneous rock na metamorphic rock. Monazite ni imwe mu myunyu ngugu y’amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe y'isi, kandi ibaho no mu rutare runaka. Umutuku wijimye, umuhondo, rimwe na rimwe wijimye wijimye, ufite amavuta meza, clavage yuzuye, ubukana bwa Mohs bwa 5-5.5, nuburemere bwihariye bwa 4.9-5.5.
Amabuye y'agaciro y’amabuye y’ubutaka budasanzwe mu Bushinwa ni monazite, cyane cyane i Tongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, na He County, Guangxi. Ariko, gukuramo ubwoko bwimiterere yubutaka budasanzwe akenshi ntibifite akamaro mubukungu. Amabuye yonyine akubiyemo ibintu bya thorium yoroheje kandi nisoko nyamukuru ya plutonium yubucuruzi.
3 、 Incamake yuburyo budasanzwe bukoreshwa kwisi muguhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi no gusenyuka kwa kirimbuzi hashingiwe ku isesengura rya panoramic
Nyuma yijambo ryibanze ryibintu bidasanzwe byo gushakisha isi bimaze kwagurwa byuzuye, byahujwe nurufunguzo rwo kwaguka hamwe nimibare yo gutondekanya ibyuka bya kirimbuzi no guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi, hanyuma bigashakishwa mububiko bwa Incopt. Itariki yo gushakisha ni 24 Kanama 2020. 4837 patenti zabonetse nyuma yo guhuza umuryango woroheje, naho patenti 4673 zagenwe nyuma yo kugabanya urusaku.
Ni gake usaba ipatanti yisi mubijyanye no gusenya kirimbuzi cyangwa guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi bikwirakwizwa mu bihugu / uturere 56, cyane cyane mu Buyapani, Ubushinwa, Amerika, Ubudage n'Uburusiya, n'ibindi. Umubare munini w'ipatanti ukoreshwa mu buryo bwa PCT , muri byo Ubushinwa bukoresha ikoranabuhanga ry’ipatanti bwagiye bwiyongera, cyane cyane kuva mu 2009, bwinjira mu iterambere ryihuse, kandi Ubuyapani, Amerika n'Uburusiya byakomeje gushyira muri uru rwego imyaka myinshi (Ishusho 1).
Igicapo 1 Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwa tekinoroji ijyanye no gukoresha isi idasanzwe muguhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi no guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi mubihugu / uturere
Birashobora kugaragara duhereye ku isesengura ry’insanganyamatsiko ya tekiniki ko ikoreshwa ry’isi idasanzwe mu guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi no mu kirere cya kirimbuzi byibanda ku bintu bya lisansi, scintillator, ibyuma bifata imirasire, actinide, plasmas, reaction ya kirimbuzi, ibikoresho bikingira, kwinjiza neutron n’ubundi buryo bwa tekiniki.
4 Applications Porogaramu zihariye hamwe nubushakashatsi bwibanze bwibintu bidasanzwe byisi mubikoresho bya kirimbuzi
Muri byo, guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi hamwe n’ibisubizo bya kirimbuzi mu bikoresho bya kirimbuzi birakomeye, kandi ibisabwa ku bikoresho birakomeye. Kugeza ubu, amashanyarazi ni cyane cyane ibyuma bisohora ingufu za kirimbuzi, kandi reaction ya fusion irashobora gukundwa murwego runini nyuma yimyaka 50. Porogaramu yaisi idasanzweibintu mubikoresho byubaka; Mubice byihariye bya chimique nucleaire, ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bikoreshwa cyane mugukoresha inkoni; Byongeye,scandiumyakoreshejwe kandi muri radiochemie n'inganda za kirimbuzi.
（1） Nuburozi bwaka cyangwa inkoni yo kugenzura kugirango uhindure urwego rwa neutron nuburyo bukomeye bwa reaction ya kirimbuzi
Mu mashanyarazi, ingufu zambere zisigaye za cores nshya muri rusange ni hejuru. Cyane cyane mubyiciro byambere bya lisansi yambere, mugihe lisansi zose za kirimbuzi muri rusange ari shyashya, reaction zisigaye nizo hejuru. Kuri iyi ngingo, kwishingikiriza gusa ku kongera inkoni zo kugenzura kugirango yishyure ibisigisigi byasigaye byatangiza inkoni nyinshi zo kugenzura. Buri nkoni yo kugenzura (cyangwa inkoni bundle) ihuye nogutangiza uburyo bukomeye bwo gutwara. Ku ruhande rumwe, ibi byongera ibiciro, kurundi ruhande, gufungura umwobo mumutwe wumuvuduko wumuvuduko birashobora gutuma imbaraga zubaka zigabanuka. Ntabwo ari ubukungu gusa, ariko kandi ntibyemewe kugira umubare munini wububasha nimbaraga zubaka kumutwe wubwato bwumuvuduko. Ariko, utarinze kongera inkoni zo kugenzura, birakenewe kongera ubunini bwimiti yangiza imiti (nka acide boric) kugirango yishyure ibisigaye. Muri iki gihe, biroroshye ko kwibumbira hamwe kwa boron kurenga kurenga, kandi coeffisente yubushyuhe bwa moderi izaba nziza.
Kugira ngo wirinde ibibazo bimaze kuvugwa, ikomatanya ry’uburozi bwaka, inkoni zo kugenzura, hamwe n’indishyi z’imiti zishobora gukoreshwa mu kugenzura.
（2） Nka dopant kugirango yongere imikorere yibikoresho byubaka
Imashini zisaba ibice byubaka hamwe na lisansi kugira urwego runaka rwimbaraga, kurwanya ruswa, hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro, mugihe kandi bibuza ibicuruzwa byinjira kwinjira muri coolant.
1) .Icyuma gike
Imashini ya kirimbuzi ifite imiterere ikabije yumubiri na chimique, kandi buri kintu cyose kigize reaction nacyo gisabwa cyane ibyuma bidasanzwe bikoreshwa. Ntibisanzwe isi ifite ingaruka zidasanzwe zo guhindura ibyuma, cyane cyane nko kweza, metamorphism, microalloying, no kunoza kurwanya ruswa. Isi idasanzwe irimo ibyuma nayo ikoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi.
Effect Ingaruka zo kweza: Ubushakashatsi buriho bwerekanye ko isi idasanzwe igira ingaruka nziza yo kweza ibyuma bishongeshejwe mubushyuhe bwinshi. Ni ukubera ko isi idasanzwe ishobora kwitwara hamwe nibintu byangiza nka ogisijeni na sulfuru mu byuma byashongeshejwe kugirango bibyare ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru burashobora kugwa kandi bigasohoka muburyo bwo gushiramo mbere yuko ibyuma bishongeshejwe, bityo bikagabanya ibintu byanduye mubyuma bishongeshejwe.
② Metamorphism: kurundi ruhande, oxyde, sulfide cyangwa oxysulfide iterwa nigikorwa cyubutaka budasanzwe mubyuma bishongeshejwe nibintu byangiza nka ogisijeni na sulferi birashobora kugumana igice cyicyuma gishongeshejwe kandi bigahinduka ibyuma bifite aho bishonga cyane . Iyinjizwamo irashobora gukoreshwa nkibigo bya nucleation ya heterogeneous mugihe cyo gukomera kwicyuma gishongeshejwe, bityo bikazamura imiterere nimiterere yicyuma.
③ Microalloying: niba hiyongereyeho isi idasanzwe iziyongera, isi idasanzwe isigaye izashonga mubyuma nyuma yo kwezwa hamwe na metamorphism birangiye. Kubera ko radiyo ya atome yisi idasanzwe ari nini kuruta iy'icyuma cya atome, isi idasanzwe ifite ibikorwa byo hejuru. Mugihe cyo gukomera kwicyuma gishongeshejwe, ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka bikungahaye kumupaka wingano, bishobora kugabanya neza gutandukanya ibintu byanduye kumupaka wingano, bityo bigashimangira igisubizo gikomeye kandi bigira uruhare rwa microalloying. Ku rundi ruhande, bitewe n’ububiko bwa hydrogène buranga isi idasanzwe, barashobora kwinjiza hydrogène mu byuma, bityo bikazamura neza ibintu bya hydrogène byo kwinjiza ibyuma.
Kunoza kurwanya ruswa: Kwiyongera kubintu bidasanzwe byisi birashobora kandi kunoza kwangirika kwibyuma. Ibi biterwa nuko isi idasanzwe ifite ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kuruta ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Kubwibyo, kongeramo isi idasanzwe birashobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kwicyuma kitagira umwanda, bityo bikazamura umutekano wibyuma mubitangazamakuru byangirika.
2). Kwiga Patent
Ipatanti y'ingenzi: ipatanti yo guhimba ikwirakwizwa rya oxyde yashimangiye ibyuma bito bito ndetse nuburyo bwo kuyitegura n'Ikigo cya Metals, Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubushinwa
Patent abstract: Gutangwa ni okiside ya okiside ishimangira ibyuma bito bito bikwiranye na reaction ya fusion hamwe nuburyo bwo kuyitegura, irangwa nuko ijanisha ryibintu bivangwa na misa mubwinshi bwicyuma gike ni: matrix ni Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.1 ≤ Mn ≤ 0,6%, na 0.05% ≤ Y2O3 ≤ 0.5%.
Igikorwa cyo gukora: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn umubyeyi wavanze gushonga, ifu ya atomisiyoneri, gusya imipira yingufu nyinshi za mama alloy naY2O3 nanoparticleifu ivanze, ifu itwikiriye gukuramo, gushushanya gukomera, kuzunguruka, no kuvura ubushyuhe.
Uburyo budasanzwe bwo kongeramo isi: Ongeramo nanoscaleY2O3ibice kubabyeyi bavanga ifu ya atomize yo gusya imipira yingufu nyinshi, hamwe nogusya umupira ni Φ 6 na Φ 10 bivanze imipira yicyuma gikomeye, hamwe numwuka wo gusya umupira wa 99,99% gaze ya argon, igipimo cyumupira wa (8- 10): 1, igihe cyo gusya umupira cyamasaha 40-70, n'umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka wa 350-500 r / min.
3） .Yakoreshejwe gukora ibikoresho byo kurinda imirasire ya neutron
Ihame ryo kurinda imirasire ya neutron
Neutrons igizwe na nuclei ya atome, hamwe na static ya 1,675 × 10-27kg, ikubye inshuro 1838 misa ya elegitoroniki. Iradiyo yayo igera kuri 0.8 × 10-15m, isa nubunini na proton, isa na γ Imirasire ntisanzwe. Iyo neutron ikorana nibintu, ahanini ikorana nimbaraga za kirimbuzi imbere muri nucleus, kandi ntizikorana na electron mugikonko cyo hanze.
Hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ingufu za kirimbuzi n’ikoranabuhanga rya reaction ya kirimbuzi, hibanzwe cyane ku mutekano w’imirasire ya kirimbuzi no kurinda imirasire ya kirimbuzi. Mu rwego rwo gushimangira uburyo bwo kurinda imirasire ku bakora ibikorwa byo gufata neza imirasire no gutabara impanuka igihe kinini, bifite akamaro gakomeye mu bumenyi n’agaciro mu bukungu guteza imbere ibikoresho byikingira byoroheje bikingira imyenda ikingira. Imirasire ya Neutron nigice cyingenzi cyimirasire ya kirimbuzi. Mubisanzwe, inyinshi muri neutron zihura nabantu mu buryo butaziguye zagiye buhoro buhoro kugeza kuri neutron zifite ingufu nke nyuma yingaruka ya neutron yo gukingira ibikoresho byubatswe imbere ya reaction ya kirimbuzi. Ingufu nkeya neutron zizahura na nuclei numubare muto wa atome byoroshye kandi bikomeze kugereranywa. Ubushyuhe buke bwa neutron buzakoreshwa nibintu bifite ibice binini bya neutron byinjira, hanyuma amaherezo ya neutron ikingirwa.
Study Kwiga Patent
Imiterere ya organic na organic-inorganic hybrid yaisi idasanzwegadoliniumIbikoresho bishingiye ku cyuma cya skeleton byongera ubwuzuzanye na polyethylene, bigateza imbere ibikoresho bigizwe hamwe kugirango bigire gadolinium nyinshi hamwe no gukwirakwiza gadolinium. Ibikoresho byinshi bya gadolinium no gutatanya bizagira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye imikorere ya neutron ikingira ibikoresho.
Ipatanti y'ingenzi: Ikigo cya Hefei Institute of Science Science, Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubushinwa, ipatanti yo guhanga igikoresho cya gadolinium gishingiye ku nganda ngengabihe ikingira ibikoresho hamwe n'uburyo bwo kuyitegura.
Patent Abstract: Gadolinium ishingiye ku cyuma kama skeleton yibikoresho byo gukingira ni ibintu bigize ibintu byakozwe no kuvangagadoliniumbishingiye ku cyuma kama skeleton yibikoresho hamwe na polyethylene mubipimo byuburemere bwa 2: 1: 10 no kuyikora binyuze mumashanyarazi cyangwa gukanda. Gadolinium ishingiye ku cyuma kama skeleton yibikoresho byo gukingira bifite ubushyuhe buhanitse hamwe nubushobozi bwo gukingira neutron.
Uburyo bwo gukora: guhitamo bitandukanyegadoliniumumunyu na ligande kama kugirango utegure kandi ushushanye ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho bya gadolinium bishingiye kubikoresho bya skeleton, byogeje hamwe na molekile ntoya ya methanol, Ethanol, cyangwa amazi ukoresheje centrifugation, hanyuma ubishyire mubushyuhe bwinshi mubihe bya vacuum kugirango ukureho burundu ibikoresho fatizo bidasigaye bidakorewe. mu byobo bya gadolinium ishingiye ku bikoresho bya skeleton; Ibikoresho bya gadolinium bishingiye kuri skeletike ya skeleton yateguwe ku ntambwe bivangwa n'amavuta yo kwisiga ya polyethylene ku muvuduko mwinshi, cyangwa ultrasonically, cyangwa ibikoresho bya skeletike ya gadolinium ya skeletike yateguwe mu ntambwe byashongeshejwe bivangwa na ultr-high-molekile ifite uburemere bwa polyethylene ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugeza bivanze byuzuye; Shira icyuma kivanze kimwe cya gadolinium gishingiye ku cyuma cya skeleton / ivangwa rya polyethylene mungeri, hanyuma ubone igikoresho cya gadolinium gishingiye ku cyuma kama guma guma guma guma guma guma kugirango wumuke kugirango ushiremo umwuka cyangwa gukanda cyane; Ibikoresho byateguwe na gadolinium bishingiye ku byuma ngengabuzima skeleton yibikoresho byo gukingira byahinduye cyane kurwanya ubushyuhe, imiterere yubukanishi, hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse bwo gukingira neutron ugereranije nibikoresho bya polyethylene.
Uburyo budasanzwe bwo kongeramo isi: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 cyangwa Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 polimeri ya kristaline ihuza polymer irimo gadolinium, iboneka muguhuza polymerisation yaGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O cyangwa GdCl3 • 6H2Ona karubasi ya karubasi; Ingano ya gadolinium ishingiye ku byuma ngengabuzima ya skeleton ni 50nm-2 μ m materials Ibikoresho bya Gadolinium bishingiye ku byuma ngengabuzima bya skeleton bifite morphologie zitandukanye, harimo granulaire, imeze nk'inkoni, cyangwa inshinge zimeze nk'urushinge.
（4） GusabaScandiummuri Radiochemie n'inganda za kirimbuzi
Icyuma cya Scandium gifite ituze ryiza ryumuriro hamwe nigikorwa gikomeye cyo kwinjiza fluor, bigatuma kiba ikintu cyingirakamaro mu nganda zingufu za atome.
Ipatanti nyamukuru: Ubushinwa Guteza Imbere Ikirere Ikigo cya Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, patenti yo kuvumbura aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy hamwe nuburyo bwo kuyitegura
Patent abstract: Zinc ya aluminiummagnesium scandiumnuburyo bwo kuyitegura. Ibigize imiti hamwe nuburemere bwibipimo bya aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy ni: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, umwanda Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, izindi mwanda umwe ≤ 0,05%, izindi mwanda zose hamwe ≤ 0.15%, naho amafaranga asigaye ni Al. Microstructure yiyi aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy material ni imwe kandi imikorere yayo irahagaze, hamwe nimbaraga zirenze urugero zirenga 400MPa, umusaruro utanga hejuru ya 350MPa, nimbaraga zingana na 370MPa zifatanije. Ibicuruzwa bishobora gukoreshwa nkibintu byubaka mu kirere, inganda za kirimbuzi, ubwikorezi, ibicuruzwa bya siporo, intwaro n’izindi nzego.
Igikorwa cyo gukora: Intambwe ya 1, ibigize ukurikije ibivanze byavuzwe haruguru; Intambwe ya 2: Gushonga mu itanura rishonga ku bushyuhe bwa 700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃; Intambwe ya 3: Gutunganya amazi yicyuma yashonze rwose, kandi ugumane ubushyuhe bwicyuma kiri hagati ya 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ mugihe cyo gutunganya; Intambwe ya 4: Nyuma yo gutunganywa, igomba kwemererwa rwose guhagarara; Intambwe ya 5: Nyuma yo guhagarara byuzuye, tangira guta, komeza ubushyuhe bwitanura murwego rwa 690 ℃ ~ 730 and, kandi umuvuduko wo gutera ni 15-200mm / umunota; Intambwe ya 6: Kora ubuvuzi bwa homogenisation annealing kuri alloy ingot mu itanura rishyushya, hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwa homogenisation ya 400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃; Intambwe 7: Kuramo ingot ya homogenized hanyuma ukore ibicuruzwa bishyushye kugirango ubyare imyirondoro ifite uburebure bwurukuta rurenga 2.0mm. Mugihe cyo gusohora, bilet igomba kubikwa ku bushyuhe bwa 350 ℃ kugeza 410 ℃; Intambwe ya 8: Gabanya umwirondoro kugirango uzimye igisubizo, hamwe nubushyuhe bwa 460-480 ℃; Intambwe 9: Nyuma yamasaha 72 yo kuzimya igisubizo gikomeye, intoki zishaje. Sisitemu yintoki yo gusaza ni: 90 ~ 110 ℃ / amasaha 24 + 170 ~ 180 ℃ / amasaha 5, cyangwa 90 ~ 110 ℃ / amasaha 24 + 145 ~ 155 ℃ / amasaha 10.
5 Sum Incamake yubushakashatsi
Muri rusange, isi idasanzwe ikoreshwa cyane mu guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi no mu kirere cya kirimbuzi, kandi ifite imiterere myinshi y’ipatanti mu byerekezo bya tekiniki nko gushimisha X-ray, gukora plasma, reaction y’amazi yoroheje, transuranium, uranyl nifu ya oxyde. Kubijyanye nibikoresho bya reaktor, isi idasanzwe irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byububiko bwa reaktor hamwe nibikoresho bifitanye isano na ceramic insulation, ibikoresho byo kugenzura nibikoresho byo kurinda imirasire ya neutron.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-26-2023