Muri oxyde idafite silisiyumu, alumina ifite imiterere yubukanishi, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi no kurwanya ruswa, mugihe mesoporous alumina (MA) ifite ubunini bwa pore bushobora guhinduka, ubuso bunini bwihariye, ubwinshi bwa pore nigiciro gito cy’umusaruro, bikoreshwa cyane muri catalizike, kugenzura ibiyobyabwenge bisohora, adsorption nizindi nzego, nko guturika, hydrocracking na hydrodesulfurizasi yibikoresho bya peteroli. Alumina ya microporome ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, ariko izagira ingaruka ku bikorwa bya alumina, ubuzima bwa serivisi no guhitamo catalizator. Kurugero, mugikorwa cyo kweza ibinyabiziga byimodoka, ibyuka bihumanya biva mumavuta ya moteri ya moteri bizakora kokiya, bizatuma bahagarika imyenge ya catalizator, bityo bigabanye ibikorwa bya catalizator. Surfactant irashobora gukoreshwa muguhindura imiterere yabatwara alumina kugirango ikore MA.Kunoza imikorere ya catalitiki.
MA ifite ingaruka zibangamira, kandi ibyuma bikora birahagarikwa nyuma yo kubara ubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo kubara ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, imiterere ya mesoporous irasenyuka, skeleton ya MA iri mumiterere ya amorphous, kandi acide yo hejuru ntishobora kubahiriza ibyo isabwa murwego rwo gukora. Ubuvuzi bwo guhindura burakenewe kenshi kugirango tunonosore ibikorwa bya catalitiki, imiterere ya mesoporous stabilite, ituze ryubushyuhe bwumuriro hamwe na acide yubuso bwibikoresho bya MA. Amatsinda yo guhindura ibintu arimo ibyuma bya heteroatom (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Pt, Zr, nibindi. ) na okiside y'icyuma (TiO2, NiO, Co3O4, CuO, Cu2O, RE2O7, nibindi) Yapakiwe hejuru ya MA cyangwa yiroha muri skeleton.
Ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya elegitoronike yibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka bituma ibice byayo bifite ibintu byihariye bya optique, amashanyarazi na magnetiki, kandi bikoreshwa mubikoresho bya catalitiki, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibikoresho bya adsorption nibikoresho bya magneti. Ntibisanzwe isi yahinduye ibikoresho bya mesoporous irashobora guhindura imitungo ya aside (alkali), ikongerera umwanya wa ogisijeni, kandi igahuza catalizike ya nanocrystalline hamwe nogukwirakwiza kimwe hamwe nubunini bwa nanometero ihamye. Kurwanya cataliste. Muri iyi nyandiko, guhindura isi bidasanzwe no gukora bya MA bizashyirwaho kugirango bitezimbere imikorere ya catalitiki, ituze ryumuriro, ubushobozi bwo kubika ogisijeni, ubuso bwihariye nuburinganire bwa pore.
1 Gutegura MA
1.1 gutegura abatwara alumina
Uburyo bwo gutegura ubwikorezi bwa alumina bugena ikwirakwizwa ryimiterere ya pore, kandi muburyo busanzwe bwo gutegura burimo pseudo-boehmite (PB) uburyo bwo kubura amazi hamwe nuburyo bwa sol-gel. Pseudoboehmite (PB) yasabwe bwa mbere na Calvet, hanyuma H + iteza peptisiyasi kugirango ibone γ-AlOOH colloidal PB irimo amazi yo hagati, yabazwe kandi adafite umwuma mubushyuhe bwinshi kugirango ube alumina. Ukurikije ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye, akenshi bigabanyijemo uburyo bwimvura, uburyo bwa karubone nuburyo bwa hydrolysis ya alcoholholaluminum. Ubusembwa bwa colloidal ya PB bugira ingaruka kuri kristu, kandi bugahinduka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa kristu, kandi bikagira ingaruka no mubikorwa byo gukora.
PB mubisanzwe itegurwa nuburyo bwimvura. Alkali yongewe mumuti wa aluminate cyangwa aside yongewe mumuti wa aluminate hanyuma igwa imvura kugirango ibone alumina hydrated (imvura ya alkali), cyangwa aside yongerwamo imvura igwa kugirango ibone alumina monohydrate, hanyuma ikakaraba, ikuma kandi ikabarwa kugirango ibone PB. Uburyo bw'imvura buroroshye gukora kandi buhendutse mugiciro, bukunze gukoreshwa mubikorwa byinganda, ariko biterwa nibintu byinshi (igisubizo pH, kwibanda, ubushyuhe, nibindi.) Kandi ibyo bisabwa kugirango ubone ibice bifite itandukaniro ryiza birakomeye. Muburyo bwa karubone, Al (OH) 3is yabonetse kubisubizo bya CO2 na NaAlO2, na PB birashobora kuboneka nyuma yo gusaza. Ubu buryo bufite ibyiza byo gukora byoroshye, ubwiza bwibicuruzwa byiza, nta mwanda uhenze kandi bidahenze, kandi birashobora gutegura alumina hamwe nigikorwa kinini cya catalitiki, kurwanya ruswa nziza hamwe nubuso bwihariye bwihariye hamwe nishoramari rito hamwe ninyungu nyinshi. Uburyo bwa hydrolysis ya Aluminium alkoxide ikoreshwa kenshi gutegura PB-yera cyane. Aluminium alkoxide ihindurwamo hydrolyz kugirango ikore monohydrate ya aluminium, hanyuma ikavurwa kugirango ibone PB ifite isuku ryinshi, ifite kristu nziza, ingano y’ibice bimwe, ikwirakwizwa ry’ubunini bwa pore hamwe n’ubusugire buke bw’ibice bya serefegitire. Nyamara, inzira iragoye, kandi biragoye gukira bitewe no gukoresha imiti yica ubumara.
Byongeye kandi, imyunyu ngugu cyangwa ibinyabuzima bivangwa nubutare bikoreshwa mugutegura primaire ya alumina hakoreshejwe sol-gel, kandi amazi meza cyangwa ibishishwa byongeweho byongerwaho kugirango hategurwe ibisubizo bibyara sol, hanyuma bikavangwa, byumye kandi bikaranze. Kugeza ubu, gahunda yo gutegura alumina iracyatezwa imbere hashingiwe ku buryo bwo kubura amazi ya PB, kandi uburyo bwa karuboni bwabaye uburyo nyamukuru bwo gukora alumina y’inganda kubera ubukungu bwayo no kurengera ibidukikije.Alumina yateguwe n’uburyo bwa sol-gel yakunze abantu benshi kuberako ikwirakwizwa ryinshi rya pore ingano, nuburyo bushoboka, ariko bugomba kunozwa kugirango hamenyekane inganda zikoreshwa.
1.2 Gutegura MA
Alumina isanzwe ntishobora kuzuza ibisabwa mumikorere, birakenewe rero gutegura MA-imikorere-yo hejuru. Uburyo bwa synthesis mubisanzwe burimo: uburyo bwa nano-casting hamwe na karubone ibishushanyo mbonera; Synthesis ya SDA: Imyuka iterwa no kwishyira hamwe (EISA) imbere yicyitegererezo cyoroshye nka SDA nizindi cationic, anionic cyangwa nonionic surfactants.
1.2.1 inzira ya EISA
Inyandikorugero yoroshye ikoreshwa muburyo bwa acide, irinda inzira igoye kandi itwara igihe yuburyo bukomeye bwa membrane kandi irashobora kumenya guhora kwa aperture. Gutegura MA na EISA byakuruye abantu benshi kuberako byoroshye kuboneka no kubyara. Imiterere itandukanye ya mesoporous irashobora gutegurwa. Ingano ya pore ya MA irashobora guhindurwa muguhindura hydrophobic urunigi rwuburebure bwa surfactant cyangwa ugahindura igipimo cyimisemburo ya hydrolysis catalizator na aluminium prursor mugisubizo.Nuko rero, EISA, izwi kandi nka synthesis yintambwe imwe no guhindura sol-gel uburyo bwo hejuru agace MA kandi yategetse mesoporous alumina (OMA), yakoreshejwe mubishusho byoroshye byoroshye, nka P123, F127, triethanolamine (icyayi), nibindi EISA irashobora gusimbuza U gufatanya guteranya ibice byabanjirije organoaluminium, nka aluminium alkoxide na tempactant templates, mubisanzwe aluminium isopropoxide na P123, kugirango itange ibikoresho bya mesoporous.Iterambere ryiza ryibikorwa bya EISA risaba guhindura neza hydrolysis hamwe na kinetic ya kinetic kugirango ibone sol ihamye kandi yemere iterambere ryiterambere mesophase yakozwe na micelles ya surfactant muri sol.
Mubikorwa bya EISA, ikoreshwa ryumuti udafite amazi (nka Ethanol) hamwe ningingo ngengabuzima zishobora kugabanya umuvuduko wa hydrolysis hamwe na kondegene ya organoaluminum preursors kandi bigatera kwishyira hamwe kwibikoresho bya OMA, nka Al (OR) 3and aluminium isopropoxide. Nyamara, mumashanyarazi adafite amazi ahindagurika, inyandikorugero zidasanzwe zishobora gutakaza hydrophilicity / hydrophobicity. Mubyongeyeho, Bitewe no gutinda kwa hydrolysis na polycondensation, ibicuruzwa hagati bifite groupe hydrophobique, bigatuma bigorana gukorana nicyitegererezo cya surfactant. Gusa iyo kwibumbira hamwe kwa surfactant hamwe nurwego rwa hydrolysis na polycondensation ya aluminiyumu bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro mugikorwa cyo guhumeka neza birashobora kwikorera-guteranya inyandikorugero na aluminium. Kubwibyo, ibipimo byinshi bigira ingaruka kumyuka yumuyaga hamwe na hydrolysis hamwe na reaction ya preursors, nkubushyuhe, ubushuhe bugereranije, catalizator, igipimo cyuka cyuka, nibindi, bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yanyuma yinteko. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo. 1, ibikoresho bya OMA bifite ubushyuhe buhanitse hamwe nubushakashatsi bukomeye bwa catalitiki byashizwe hamwe na solvothermal yafashijwe no guhumeka itera kwishyira hamwe (SA-EISA). ubuvuzi bwa solvothermal bwateje imbere hydrolysis yuzuye ya aluminiyumu kugirango ibe matsinda mato mato mato mato ya aluminium hydroxyl, yongereye imikoranire hagati ya surfactants na aluminium.Mesofase ya hexagonal ebyiri yashizweho mubikorwa bya EISA kandi ibarwa kuri 400 ℃ kugirango ibe ibikoresho bya OMA. Mubikorwa gakondo bya EISA, inzira yo guhumeka iherekezwa na hydrolysis ya organoaluminium prursor, bityo imiterere yumwuka igira uruhare runini mubitekerezo ndetse nuburyo bwa nyuma bwa OMA. Intambwe yo kuvura solvothermal iteza imbere hydrolysis yuzuye ya aluminium prursor kandi ikabyara amatsinda ya hydroxyl ya aluminium yegeranye igice.OMA ikorwa muburyo butandukanye bwo guhumeka. Ugereranije na MA yateguwe nuburyo gakondo bwa EISA, OMA yateguwe nuburyo bwa SA-EISA ifite ingano nini ya pore, ubuso bwihariye bwubuso hamwe nubushyuhe bwiza bwumuriro. Mugihe kizaza, uburyo bwa EISA burashobora gukoreshwa mugutegura ultra-nini ya aperture MA hamwe nigipimo kinini cyo guhinduka no guhitamo neza udakoresheje reaming agent.
Igishushanyo 1 cyerekana imbonerahamwe yuburyo bwa SA-EISA bwo guhuza ibikoresho bya OMA
1.2.2 izindi nzira
Gutegura bisanzwe MA bisaba kugenzura neza ibipimo bya synthesis kugirango ugere kumiterere ya mesoporous isobanutse, kandi gukuraho ibikoresho byicyitegererezo nabyo biragoye, bigoye inzira ya synthesis. Kugeza ubu, ubuvanganzo bwinshi bwerekanye synthesis ya MA hamwe ninyandikorugero zitandukanye. Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi bwibanze cyane cyane kuri synthesis ya MA hamwe na glucose, sucrose na krahisi nkicyitegererezo na aluminium isopropoxide mu gisubizo cy’amazi. Byinshi muri ibyo bikoresho bya MA bigizwe na nitrate ya aluminium, sulfate na alkoxide nkisoko ya aluminium. MA CTAB nayo iboneka muguhindura bitaziguye PB nkisoko ya aluminium. MA ifite imiterere itandukanye, ni ukuvuga Al2O3) -1, Al2O3) -2 na al2o3Kandi ifite ubushyuhe bwiza bwumuriro. Kwiyongera kwa surfactant ntabwo bihindura imiterere ya kristu ya PB, ahubwo ihindura uburyo bwo gutondekanya ibice. Byongeye kandi, ishingwa rya Al2O3-3 rikorwa no gufatira kuri nanoparticles ihagarikwa na organic solvent PEG cyangwa kwegeranya hafi ya PEG. Nyamara, ingano ya pore ikwirakwizwa rya Al2O3-1 ni nto cyane. Byongeye kandi, catalizator ishingiye kuri palladium yateguwe hamwe na sintetike MA nkuwitwaye.Mu reaction ya methane yaka, catalizator ishyigikiwe na Al2O3-3 yerekanye imikorere myiza ya catalitiki.
Ku nshuro yambere, MA hamwe nogukwirakwiza ingano ya pore igereranijwe yateguwe ukoresheje bihendutse kandi aluminiyumu ikungahaye kuri aluminium yumukara ABD. Igikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro gikubiyemo uburyo bwo gukuramo ubushyuhe buke hamwe nigitutu gisanzwe. Ibice bikomeye bisigaye mubikorwa byo kubikuramo ntibishobora kwanduza ibidukikije, kandi birashobora kurundarunda hamwe ningaruka nke cyangwa bigakoreshwa nkuzuza cyangwa guteranya mubikorwa bifatika. Ubuso bwihariye bwubuso bwa MA ni 123 ~ 162m2 / g, Ikwirakwizwa ryubunini bwa pore ni rito, radiyo yimpinga ni 5.3nm, naho ububobere ni 0.37 cm3 / g. Ibikoresho ni nano-nini kandi ubunini bwa kristu ni 11nm. Synthesis ya leta ikomeye ni inzira nshya yo guhuza MA, ishobora gukoreshwa mugukora imiti ya radiochemiki ikoreshwa mumavuriro. Aluminium chloride, karubone ya amonium na glucose ibikoresho bivangwa bivanze mukigereranyo cya molar ya 1: 1.5: 1.5, na MA bigahuzwa nigikorwa gishya cya mashini yimashini.Mu kwibanda kuri131I mubikoresho bya batiri yumuriro, umusaruro wose wa131I nyuma yo kwibanda ni 90 %, kandi igisubizo cyabonetse131I [NaI] gifite umurongo mwinshi wa radioaktiw (1.7TBq / mL), bityo ukamenya ikoreshwa rya capsules nini131I [NaI] ya kuvura kanseri ya tiroyide.
Mu ncamake, mugihe kizaza, inyandikorugero ntoya irashobora kandi gutezwa imbere kugirango yubake ibyiciro byinshi byateganijwe byubatswe, ihindure neza imiterere, morphologie hamwe nubutaka bwimiti yibikoresho, kandi bitange ubuso bunini kandi butegeke inzoka MA. Shakisha inyandikorugero zihenze hamwe na aluminiyumu, hindura inzira ya synthesis, usobanure uburyo bwa synthesis kandi uyobore inzira.
Uburyo bwo guhindura 2 MA
Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza kimwe ibice bikora kuri transport ya MA harimo gutera akabariro, muri synthe-sis, imvura, guhanahana ion, kuvanga imashini no gushonga, muribyo bibiri byambere bikoreshwa cyane.
2.1 muburyo bwo guhuza uburyo
Amatsinda akoreshwa muguhindura imikorere yongewe mugikorwa cyo gutegura MA guhindura no guhuza imiterere ya skeleton yibikoresho no kunoza imikorere ya catalitiki. Inzira irerekanwa mu gishushanyo cya 2. Liu n'abandi. synthesize Ni / Mo-Al2O3in ahantu hamwe na P123 nkicyitegererezo. Ni na Mo bombi bakwirakwijwe mu miyoboro ya MA yatumijwe, nta gusenya imiterere ya mesoporous ya MA, kandi imikorere ya catalitiki yagaragaye neza. Kwemeza uburyo bukura muburyo bukura kuri gamma-al2o3substrate, Ugereranije na γ-Al2O3, MnO2-Al2O3hasi nini ya BET yubuso bwihariye nubunini bwa pore, kandi ifite imiterere ya bimodal mesoporous hamwe no gukwirakwiza ingano ya pore. MnO2-Al2O3 ifite umuvuduko mwinshi wa adsorption hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse kuri F-, kandi ifite intera nini ya pH ikoreshwa (pH = 4 ~ 10), ikwiranye nuburyo bukoreshwa mubikorwa byinganda. Imikorere ya recycling ya MnO2-Al2O3is iruta iya γ-Al2O.Iterambere ryimiterere rigomba kurushaho kunozwa. Mu ncamake, ibikoresho MA byahinduwe byabonetse muburyo bwa synthesis bifite gahunda nziza yimiterere, imikoranire ikomeye hagati yitsinda hamwe nabatwara alumina, guhuza cyane, imitwaro minini, kandi ntabwo byoroshye gutera isuka ryibintu bikora mubikorwa bya catalitiki reaction , na catalitike imikorere iratera imbere cyane.
Igishushanyo cya 2 Gutegura MA ikora na synthesis
2.2 uburyo bwo gutera akabariro
Kwinjiza MA yateguwe mumatsinda yahinduwe, no kubona ibikoresho byahinduwe MA nyuma yo kuvurwa, kugirango tumenye ingaruka za catalizike, adsorption nibindi bisa. Cai n'abandi. yateguye MA kuva P123 muburyo bwa sol-gel, hanyuma uyishira muri Ethanol na tetraethylenepentamine kugirango ubone ibikoresho byahinduwe na MA hamwe nibikorwa bikomeye bya adsorption. Mubyongeyeho, Belkacemi n'abandi. kwibizwa muri ZnCl2solisiyo muburyo bumwe kugirango ubone zinc zateganijwe zikoreshwa ibikoresho bya MA.Ubuso bwihariye bwubuso nubunini bwa pore ni 394m2 / g na 0.55 cm3 / g. Ugereranije nuburyo bwo guhuza uburyo, uburyo bwo gutera akabariro bufite ibintu byiza byo gutatanya, imiterere ihamye ya mesoporous hamwe nimikorere myiza ya adsorption, ariko imbaraga zikorana hagati yibikorwa bikora hamwe nuwitwara alumina ni ntege nke, kandi ibikorwa bya catalitiki byoroshye kubangamirwa nibintu byo hanze.
Iterambere ryimikorere
Synthesis yisi idasanzwe MA hamwe nibintu byihariye niterambere ryigihe kizaza. Kugeza ubu, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo guhuza. Ibipimo byimikorere bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya MA. Ubuso bwihariye, ubunini bwa pore na pore diameter ya MA birashobora guhindurwa nubwoko bwicyitegererezo hamwe na aluminiyumu ibanziriza. Ubushyuhe bwo kubara hamwe na polymer template yibanze bigira ubuso bwihariye hamwe nubunini bwa pore ya MA. Suzuki na Yamauchi basanze ubushyuhe bwo kubara bwiyongereye kuva kuri 500 ℃ bugera kuri 900 ℃ .Ubushuhe burashobora kwiyongera kandi ubuso bushobora kugabanuka. Byongeye kandi, ubuvuzi budasanzwe bwo guhindura isi butezimbere ibikorwa, ituze ryubushyuhe bwubutaka, ituze ryimiterere hamwe na acide yubuso bwibikoresho bya MA mugikorwa cya catalitiki, kandi bihura niterambere ryimikorere ya MA.
3.1 Adsorbent ya Defluorination
Florine mu mazi yo kunywa mu Bushinwa ni mbi cyane. Byongeye kandi, kwiyongera kwa fluor mubisubizo bya zinc sulfate yinganda bizatera kwangirika kwa plaque ya electrode, kwangirika kwimirimo ikora, kugabanuka kwubwiza bwa zinc yamashanyarazi no kugabanuka kwamazi yatunganijwe muri sisitemu yo gukora aside na electrolysis inzira yo gutanura itanura yigitanda ikaranze gaz ya flue. Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwa adsorption nuburyo bukurura cyane muburyo busanzwe bwo gutembera neza.Nyamara, hariho ibitagenda neza, nkubushobozi buke bwa adsorption, ubushobozi buke bwa pH, umwanda wa kabiri nibindi. Carbone ikora, amorphous alumina, alumina ikora hamwe nandi matangazo ya adsorbents yakoreshejwe muguhindura amazi, ariko ikiguzi cya adsorbents ni kinini, kandi ubushobozi bwa adsorption bwa F-mubisubizo bidafite aho bibogamiye cyangwa kwibanda cyane ni bike. Alumina ikora yabaye myinshi cyane yize adsorbent yo kuvanaho fluoride kubera ko ikunda cyane kandi igahitamo fluoride idafite agaciro ka pH, ariko igarukira kubushobozi buke bwa adsorption ya fluor, kandi kuri pH <6 irashobora kugira imikorere myiza ya fluoride adsorption. Kundu n'abandi. yateguye MA hamwe na fluor ntarengwa ya adsorption ya 62.5 mg / g. Ubushobozi bwa fluor adsorption ya MA bugira ingaruka cyane kubiranga imiterere yabyo, nkubuso bwihariye bwubuso, amatsinda yimikorere yubuso, ingano ya pore nubunini bwa pore.Guhindura imiterere nimikorere ya MA ninzira yingenzi yo kunoza imikorere ya adsorption.
Bitewe na aside ikomeye ya La hamwe nuburemere bukomeye bwa fluor, hariho isano ikomeye hagati ya La na fluor ion. Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko La nkumuhindura ishobora kuzamura ubushobozi bwa adsorption ya fluoride. Nyamara, kubera imiterere idahwitse yimiterere yubutaka budasanzwe, isi idasanzwe irashirwa mubisubizo, bikaviramo kwanduza amazi ya kabiri no kwangiza ubuzima bwabantu. Ku rundi ruhande, kwibanda cyane kuri aluminiyumu mu bidukikije by’amazi ni bumwe mu burozi bwangiza ubuzima bw’abantu. Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe gutegura ubwoko bwa adsorbent hamwe na stabilite nziza kandi nta gutemba cyangwa kugabanuka kubindi bintu mugikorwa cyo gukuraho fluor. MA yahinduwe na La na Ce yateguwe nuburyo bwo gutera akabariro (La / MA na Ce / MA). gake ya oxyde yisi yapakiwe neza hejuru ya MA kunshuro yambere, yari ifite imikorere ya defluorination.Uburyo bukuru bwo kuvanaho fluor ni electrostatike adsorption hamwe na chimique adsorption, gukurura electron kumashanyarazi meza hamwe no guhanahana ligand bihuza na hydroxyl yo hejuru, itsinda rya hydroxyl rikora kumurongo wa adsorbent ritanga hydrogene ihuza na F-, guhindura La na Ce bitezimbere ubushobozi bwa adsorption ya fluor, La / MA ikubiyemo hydroxyl adsorption nyinshi imbuga, hamwe nubushobozi bwa adsorption ya F iri murutonde rwa La / MA> Ce / MA> MA. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwibitekerezo byambere, ubushobozi bwa adsorption ya fluor iriyongera.Ingaruka ya adsorption nibyiza mugihe pH ari 5 ~ 9, hamwe na adsorption ya fluor ihuza na moderi ya Langmuir isothermal adsorption. Byongeye kandi, umwanda wa sulfate ion muri alumina urashobora kandi kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yintangarugero. Nubwo ubushakashatsi bujyanye nubutaka budasanzwe bwahinduwe na alumina bwakozwe, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwibanze ku nzira ya adsorbent, bigoye gukoreshwa mu nganda. Mu bihe biri imbere, dushobora kwiga uburyo bwo gutandukanya uruganda rwa fluor mu gisubizo cya zinc sulfate n'ibimuka biranga fluor ion, ubone gukora neza, bidahenze kandi byongerewe ingufu za fluor ion adsorbent kugirango defluorination yumuti wa zinc sulfate muri sisitemu ya hydrometallurgie, hanyuma ushireho uburyo bwo kugenzura inzira kuvura igisubizo kinini cya fluor gishingiye kubutaka budasanzwe MA nano adsorbent.
3.2
3.2.1 Ivugurura ryumye rya metani
Isi idasanzwe irashobora guhindura acide (yibanze) yibikoresho byoroshye, ikongera umwanya wa ogisijeni, kandi igahindura catalizator hamwe no gutatanya kimwe, igipimo cya nanometero no guhagarara neza. Bikunze gukoreshwa mugushigikira ibyuma byiza nicyuma cyinzibacyuho kugirango uhagarike metani ya CO2. Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bidasanzwe byahinduwe na mesoporous bigenda bitera imbere bivugurura ivugurura ryumye rya metani (MDR), kwangirika kwifoto ya VOC no kweza gazi umurizo. Ugereranije nicyuma cyiza (nka Pd, Ru, Rh, nibindi) nibindi byuma byinzibacyuho (nka Co, Fe, nibindi), Ni / Al2O3catalyst ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byayo bya catalitiki yo hejuru no guhitamo, guhagarara neza hamwe nigiciro gito cya metani. Nyamara, gucumura na karubone ya Ni nanoparticles hejuru ya Ni / Al2O3lead kugirango yihute vuba ya catalizator. Niyo mpamvu, Birakenewe kongeramo byihuse, guhindura cataliste no kunoza inzira yo kwitegura kunoza ibikorwa bya catalitiki, gutuza no kurwanya inkongi. Muri rusange, isi idasanzwe ya okiside irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubaka kandi bigakoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoronike muri cataliste itandukanye, kandi CeO2 itezimbere ikwirakwizwa rya Ni kandi igahindura imiterere ya metallic Ni ikoresheje imikoranire ikomeye yicyuma.
MA ikoreshwa cyane mukuzamura ikwirakwizwa ryibyuma, no gutanga kubuza ibyuma bikora kugirango birinde guhuriza hamwe. La2O3 hamwe nubushobozi buke bwo kubika ogisijeni yongerera imbaraga za karubone muguhindura, kandi La2O3 itera ikwirakwizwa rya Co kuri mesoporous alumina, ifite ibikorwa byo kuvugurura no kwihangana. La2O3promoter yongera ibikorwa bya MDR ya catalizator ya Co / MA, na Co3O4 na CoAl2O4phase zakozwe hejuru ya catalizator.Nyamara, La2O3 yatatanye cyane ingano nto za 8nm ~ 10nm. Mubikorwa bya MDR, imikoranire iri hagati ya La2O3 na CO2 yahinduye La2O2CO3mesophase, yatumye kurandura neza CxHy hejuru ya catalizator. La2O3 ituma hydrogène igabanuka mugutanga ubucucike bwa electron no kongera imyanya ya ogisijeni muri 10% Co / MA. Kwiyongera kwa La2O3yerekana imbaraga zigaragara zo gukora za CH4consumption. Kubwibyo, igipimo cyo guhindura CH4 cyiyongereye kugera kuri 93.7% kuri 1073K K. Kwiyongera kwa La2O3 byateje imbere ibikorwa bya catalitiki, biteza imbere igabanuka rya H2, byongera umubare wibikorwa bya Co0, bitanga karubone nkeya yabitswe kandi byongera imyuka ya ogisijeni igera kuri 73.3%.
Ce na Pr bashyigikiwe kuri Ni / Al2O3catalyst hamwe nuburyo bungana bwo gutera inda muri Li Xiaofeng. Nyuma yo kongeramo Ce na Pr, guhitamo kuri H2yongereye kandi guhitamo CO byagabanutse. MDR yahinduwe na Pr yari ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwa catalitiki, kandi guhitamo H2yiyongereye kuva kuri 64.5% igera kuri 75,6%, mugihe guhitamo CO byagabanutse kuva 31.4% Peng Shujing nabandi. yakoresheje sol-gel uburyo, Ce-yahinduwe MA yateguwe hamwe na aluminium isopropoxide, isopropanol solvent na cerium nitrate hexahydrate. Ubuso bwihariye bwibicuruzwa byariyongereyeho gato. Kwiyongera kwa Ce byagabanije kwegeranya inkoni isa na nanoparticles hejuru ya MA. Amatsinda amwe ya hydroxyl hejuru yubuso bwa γ- Al2O3bose byari bitwikiriwe na Ce. Ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa MA bwaratejwe imbere, kandi nta guhinduranya kristu yabayeho nyuma yo kubara kuri 1000 ℃ kumasaha 10. Wang Baowei nibindi. yateguye ibikoresho bya MA CeO2-Al2O4by uburyo bwo gukoporora. CeO2 hamwe na cubic nto ntoya yakwirakwijwe muri alumina. Nyuma yo gushyigikira Co na Mo kuri CeO2-Al2O4, imikoranire hagati ya alumina nibintu bikora Co na Mo yabujijwe neza na CEO2
Iterambere ridasanzwe ryisi (La, Ce, y na Sm) Bihujwe na catalizike ya Co / MA ya MDR, kandi inzira irerekanwa mugitabo. 3. Iterambere ridasanzwe ryisi rishobora guteza imbere ikwirakwizwa rya Co ku gutwara MA kandi bikabuza kwegeranya kwingirangingo. ntoya ingano yubunini, niko imbaraga za Co-MA zikomeye, niko imbaraga za catalitike nogucumura muri catalizike ya YCo / MA, ningaruka nziza zaba promoteri benshi kubikorwa bya MDR no kubika karubone.Fig. 4 ni HRTEM iMAge nyuma yo kuvurwa MDR kuri 1023K, Co2: ch4: N2 = 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 3.1 kumasaha 8. Co ibice bibaho muburyo bwumukara, mugihe abatwara MA babaho muburyo bwimvi, biterwa nubudasa bwubucucike bwa electron. mu ishusho ya HRTEM hamwe na 10% Co / MA (igishusho 4b), igiteranyo cyibice byicyuma cya Co bigaragarira kubatwara ma. Kwiyongera kwiterambere ryisi ridasanzwe bigabanya ibice bya Co kugeza kuri 11.0nm ~ 12.5nm. YCo / MA ifite imikoranire ikomeye ya Co-MA, kandi imikorere yayo yo gucumura ni nziza kuruta izindi catalizaires. wongeyeho, nkuko bigaragara mu mbuto. 4b kugeza 4f, imyuka ya karubone ya nanowire (CNF) ikorerwa kuri catalizator, igakomeza guhura na gaze kandi ikabuza catalizator gukora.
Igishushanyo cya 3 Ingaruka zubutaka budasanzwe bwiyongera kumiterere yumubiri nubumashini hamwe na MDR catalitiki ya catalizike ya Co / MA
3.2.2
Fe2O3 / Meso-CeAl, umusemburo wa Ce-dope Fe-ushingiye kuri deoxidation, wateguwe na okiside dehydrogenation ya 1- butene hamwe na CO2as yoroshye ya okiside, kandi yakoreshejwe muri synthesis ya 1,3- butadiene (BD). Ce yatatanye cyane muri matrise ya alumina, kandi Fe2O3 / meso yatatanye cyaneFe2O3 / Meso-CeAl-100 catalizator ntabwo ifite amoko y'icyuma yatatanye cyane hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwubaka, ahubwo ifite n'ubushobozi bwiza bwo kubika ogisijeni, bityo ikaba ifite adsorption nziza nubushobozi bwo gukora ya CO2. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5, amashusho ya TEM yerekana ko Fe2O3 / Meso-CeAl-100 isanzweIyerekana ko imiterere yumuyoboro umeze nkinzoka ya MesoCeAl-100 irekuye kandi yuzuye, ifasha mugukwirakwiza ibintu bikora, mugihe Ce itatanye cyane ni Byuzuye muri matrix ya alumina. Ibyuma byiza bya catalizator bifata ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge bw’imyuka y’ibinyabiziga bifite moteri byateje imbere imiterere ya pore, hydrothermal stabilite hamwe nububiko bunini bwa ogisijeni.
3.2.3 Catalizeri yimodoka
Pd-Rh yashyigikiwe na quaternary aluminium ishingiye kubutaka budasanzwe AlCeZrTiOx na AlLaZrTiOx kugirango ibone ibikoresho bya catalizike yimodoka. mesoporous aluminiyumu ishingiye ku isi idasanzwe Pd-Rh / ALC irashobora gukoreshwa neza nka catalizike yimodoka ya CNG isukura kandi iramba neza, kandi imikorere ya CH4, igice kinini cyibikoresho bya gaze ya gaze ya CNG, igera kuri 97.8%. Kwemeza hydrotherMAl intambwe imwe yo gutegura ibyo bintu bidasanzwe isi ma compteur kugirango tumenye kwishyira hamwe, Ordered mesoporous preursors hamwe na leta metastable hamwe na hamwe hamwe, hamwe na synthesis ya RE-Al ihuye nicyitegererezo cya "compound growth unit". , bityo ukamenya kwezwa kwimodoka zimodoka zimanikwa nyuma yuburyo butatu bwa catalitike ihindura.
Igishushanyo cya 4 HRTEM amashusho ya ma (a), Co / MA (b), LaCo / MA (c), CeCo / MA (d), YCo / MA (e) na SmCo / MA (f)
Igishushanyo cya 5 TEM ishusho (A) na EDS igishushanyo mbonera (b, c) cya Fe2O3 / Meso-CeAl-100
3.3 imikorere yumucyo
Electron yibintu bidasanzwe byisi birashimishwa cyane no guhinduka hagati yingufu zitandukanye kandi bigatanga urumuri. Ntibisanzwe isi ion ikoreshwa nkibikorwa byo gutegura ibikoresho bya luminescent. Ntibisanzwe ion zipakirwa hejuru ya microsperes ya aluminium fosifate yubusa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa coprecipitation nuburyo bwo guhana ion, kandi ibikoresho bya luminescent AlPO4∶RE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) birashobora gutegurwa. Uburebure bwa luminescent buri mukarere kegereye ultraviolet.MA ikozwe muma firime yoroheje bitewe nubusembure bwayo, dielectric idahoraho hamwe nubushobozi buke, ibyo bigatuma ikoreshwa mubikoresho byamashanyarazi na optique, firime yoroheje, inzitizi, sensor, nibindi birashobora kandi Byakoreshejwe mukwumva igisubizo kimwe-fotonike ya kristu, kubyara ingufu hamwe no kurwanya anti-reaction. Ibi bikoresho ni firime zegeranye zifite uburebure bwa optique yinzira nziza, bityo rero birakenewe kugenzura indangagaciro zivunika nubunini.Ubu, titanium dioxyde na okiside ya zirconium ifite indangagaciro zikomeye hamwe na dioxyde ya silicon ifite indangagaciro nke zikoreshwa mugushushanya no kubaka ibikoresho nkibi. . Urutonde rwibikoresho bifite imiterere itandukanye yimiti iragurwa, bigatuma bishoboka gushushanya ibyuma bifata ibyuma bya fotone. Kwinjiza firime ya MA na oxyhydroxide mugushushanya ibikoresho bya optique byerekana ubushobozi bukomeye kuko indangantego yo kwanga isa na dioxyde ya silicon.Ariko imiterere yimiti iratandukanye.
3.4
Hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe, gucumura bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikoreshereze ya catalizator ya MA, kandi ubuso bwihariye bugabanuka kandi phase-Al2O3in feri ya kristaline ihinduka δ na θ kugeza χ ibyiciro. Ibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka bifite imiterere ihamye yimiti nubushyuhe bwumuriro, guhuza n'imihindagurikire, kandi byoroshye kuboneka kandi bihendutse. Kwiyongera kubintu bidasanzwe byisi birashobora guteza imbere ubushyuhe bwumuriro, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa okiside yubushyuhe hamwe nubukanishi bwikinyabiziga, kandi bigahindura aside irike yabatwara.La na Ce nibintu bikoreshwa cyane kandi byizwe guhindura ibintu. Lu Weiguang n'abandi basanze ko kongeramo ibintu bidasanzwe byisi byabujije cyane gukwirakwiza kwinshi kwinshi kwa alumina, La na Ce barinze amatsinda ya hydroxyl hejuru ya alumina, babuza gucumura no guhindura ibyiciro, kandi bigabanya kwangirika kwubushyuhe bwo hejuru kurwego rwa mesoporous . Alumina yateguwe iracyafite ubuso bwihariye bwubuso nubunini bwa pore.Nyamara, ibintu byinshi cyane cyangwa bike cyane mubintu bidasanzwe bizagabanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa alumina. Li Yanqiu n'abandi. wongeyeho 5% La2O3to γ-Al2O3, yazamuye ubushyuhe bwumuriro kandi yongera ubwinshi bwa pore nubuso bwihariye bwabatwara alumina. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6, La2O3yongereye kuri γ-Al2O3, Kunoza ubushyuhe bwumuriro bwisi idasanzwe itwara isi.
Muburyo bwo gukuramo doping nano-fibrous hamwe na La kugeza MA, ubuso bwa BET hamwe nubunini bwa pore ya MA-La burenze ubwa MA mugihe ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwiyongereye, kandi doping hamwe na La bigira ingaruka mbi zo gucumura hejuru ubushyuhe. nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo. 7, hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe, La ibuza reaction yo gukura kwimbuto no guhinduka kwicyiciro, mugihe imitini. 7a na 7c byerekana kwirundanya kwa nano-fibrous. mugitabo. 7b, diameter yibice binini byakozwe no kubara kuri 1200 ℃ ni 100nm.Biranga gucumura gukomeye kwa MA. Byongeye, ugereranije na MA-1200, MA-La-1200 ntabwo yegeranya nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe. Hiyongereyeho La, ibice bya nano-fibre bifite ubushobozi bwo gucumura neza. ndetse no hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, dopi La iracyatatanye cyane hejuru ya MA. La yahinduwe MA irashobora gukoreshwa nkabatwara Pd catalizator muri C3H8oxidation reaction.
Igishushanyo cya 6 Imiterere yuburyo bwo gucumura alumina hamwe nibintu bidasanzwe byisi
Igishushanyo cya 7 TEM amashusho ya MA-400 (a), MA-1200 (b), MA-La-400 (c) na MA-La-1200 (d)
4 Umwanzuro
Iterambere ryimyiteguro nogukoresha mubikorwa bidasanzwe isi yahinduwe ibikoresho bya MA byatangijwe. Ntibisanzwe isi yahinduwe MA ikoreshwa cyane. Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe mubikorwa bya catalitiki, ituze ryumuriro na adsorption, ibikoresho byinshi bifite igiciro kinini, doping nkeya, gahunda mbi kandi biragoye kuba inganda. Ibikorwa bikurikira bigomba gukorwa mugihe kizaza: hindura imiterere nuburyo imiterere yisi idasanzwe yahinduwe MA, hitamo inzira ikwiye, Guhura niterambere ryimikorere; Gushiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura inzira ishingiye kubikorwa byo kugabanya ibiciro no kumenya umusaruro winganda; Kugirango twongere ibyiza by’ubutaka budasanzwe bw’Ubushinwa, dukwiye gushakisha uburyo bwo guhindura isi idasanzwe MA, guhindura ibitekerezo hamwe nuburyo bwo gutegura isi idasanzwe yahinduwe MA.
Umushinga w'ikigega: Shaanxi Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga Muri rusange Umushinga wo guhanga udushya (2011KTDZ01-04-01); Intara ya Shaanxi 2019 Umushinga udasanzwe wubushakashatsi (19JK0490); 2020 umushinga udasanzwe wubushakashatsi bwa siyanse ya Huaqing College, Xi 'kaminuza yubwubatsi nikoranabuhanga (20KY02)
Inkomoko: Isi idasanzwe
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-04-2022