Ingamba z’ubutaka zidasanzwe muri Amerika zigomba. . . Igizwe n’ibigega bimwe na bimwe by’igihugu by’ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka, gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe yo muri Amerika bizongera gusubukurwa binyuze mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba nshya no guhagarika ibikorwa, ndetse [ubushakashatsi n'iterambere] bijyanye no gutunganya n'ubundi buryo bushya bw'amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe. Dukeneye ubufasha bwawe. Kugaragara gutunguranye byihutirwa mu ngingo zaganiriweho gake kugeza ubu zigomba kuba zatangaje abantu benshi.Nk'uko abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya babivuga, isi idasanzwe ntabwo ari gake, ariko ni iy'agaciro. Igisubizo gisa nkamayobera kiri muburyo bworoshye. Ibintu bidakunze kubaho ku isi (REE) birimo ibintu 17 bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ibikoresho byo kwirwanaho, kandi byavumbuwe bwa mbere bikoreshwa muri Amerika. Icyakora, umusaruro ugenda uhinduka mu Bushinwa, aho usanga amafaranga make y’abakozi, agabanya kwita ku ngaruka z’ibidukikije, ndetse n’inkunga zitangwa n’igihugu zituma Repubulika y’Ubushinwa (PRC) igera kuri 97% by’umusaruro ku isi. Mu 1997, Magniquench, isosiyete ikomeye ku isi idasanzwe muri Amerika, yagurishijwe mu ishoramari riyobowe na Archibald Cox (Jr.), umuhungu w'umushinjacyaha witwa izina rimwe, Watergate. Ihuriro ryakoranye n’amasosiyete abiri ya Leta y’Ubushinwa. Isosiyete ikora ibyuma, Sanhuan Ibikoresho bishya hamwe nu Bushinwa Ibicuruzwa bidafite ingufu bitumizwa mu mahanga no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Umuyobozi wa Sanhuan, umuhungu w’umukobwa w’umuyobozi mukuru Deng Xiaoping, yabaye umuyobozi w’ikigo. Magniquench yafunzwe muri Amerika, yimukira mu Bushinwa, yongera gufungura mu 2003, ibyo bikaba bihuye na “Super 863 Program” ya Deng Xiaoping, yabonye ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu bikorwa bya gisirikare, harimo “ibikoresho bidasanzwe.” Ibi byatumye Molycorp iheruka gusigara ikora ibihingwa bidasanzwe ku isi muri Amerika kugeza isenyutse mu 2015. Nk’ubutegetsi bwa Reagan, bamwe mu baterankunga ba metallurgiste batangiye guhangayikishwa n’uko Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zashingiye ku mutungo w’amahanga utari usanzwe ari inshuti ku bice by'ingenzi bigize sisitemu y’intwaro (cyane cyane Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti icyo gihe), ariko iki kibazo nticyakunze gukurura rubanda. umwaka wa 2010. Muri Nzeri uwo mwaka, ubwato bw’uburobyi bw’Abashinwa bwaguye mu mato abiri y’abasirikare barinda inkombe z’Ubuyapani mu nyanja y’Ubushinwa itavugwaho rumwe. Guverinoma y’Ubuyapani yatangaje ko ishaka gushyira kapiteni w’ubwato bw’uburobyi, maze guverinoma y’Ubushinwa nyuma ifata ingamba zimwe zo kwihorera, harimo no gufatira ibihano kugurisha isi idasanzwe mu Buyapani. Ibi birashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku nganda z’imodoka z’Ubuyapani, zibangamiwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’imodoka zihenze zakozwe n’Ubushinwa. Mubindi bikorwa, isi idasanzwe ni igice cyingirakamaro mu guhindura moteri ya catalitiki. Iterabwoba ry’Ubushinwa ryafatanywe uburemere ku buryo Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Ubuyapani ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byinshi batanze ikirego mu muryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO) bavuga ko Ubushinwa budashobora kugabanya ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bidasanzwe. Ariko, ibiziga byuburyo bwo gukemura WTO bigenda bihinduka buhoro: icyemezo nticyemewe nyuma yimyaka ine. Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga y’Ubushinwa yaje guhakana ko yashyizeho icyo cyemezo, ivuga ko Ubushinwa bukeneye ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka ku nganda zabwo zitera imbere. Ibi birashobora kuba ukuri: mu 2005, Ubushinwa bwari bwaragabanije ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, bitera impungenge kuri Pentagon ku bijyanye n’ibura ry’ibintu bine bidasanzwe by’ubutaka (lanthanum, cerium, euro, na), byateje ubukererwe mu gukora intwaro zimwe na zimwe. Ku rundi ruhande, kwiharira Ubushinwa ku bicuruzwa bidasanzwe ku isi nabyo bishobora guterwa n’ibintu byunguka cyane, kandi muri icyo gihe, ibiciro byazamutse cyane. Iherezo rya Molycorp ryerekana kandi ubuyobozi bushishoza bwa guverinoma y'Ubushinwa. Molycorp yahanuye ko ibiciro by'isi bidasanzwe bizamuka cyane nyuma y’ibyabaye hagati y’ubwato bw’uburobyi bw’Abashinwa n’abasirikare barinda inkombe z’Ubuyapani mu mwaka wa 2010, bityo bukusanya amafaranga menshi yo kubaka ibikoresho bitunganijwe neza. Icyakora, igihe guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yoroherezaga ibipimo byoherezwa mu mahanga mu 2015, Molycorp yari ifite amadeni angana na miliyari 1.7 z'amadolari y'Amerika hamwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibikorwa byayo. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, yavuye mubikorwa byo guhomba igurishwa miliyoni 20.5 zamadorali, ayo akaba ari amafaranga make ugereranije n’umwenda wa miliyari 1.7. Isosiyete yakijijwe n’urugaga, naho Ubushinwa Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company bufite 30% by’uburenganzira bwo kudatora. Muburyo bwa tekiniki, kugira imigabane idatora bivuze ko Leshan Shenghe afite uburenganzira bwo kutarenza igice cyinyungu, kandi umubare winyungu zose ushobora kuba muto, kuburyo abantu bamwe bashobora kwibaza intego zuruganda. Nyamara, ukurikije ingano ya Leshan Shenghe ugereranije n’amafaranga asabwa kugira ngo abone 30% by'imigabane, isosiyete ishobora gufata ibyago. Ariko, imbaraga zirashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye no gutora. Nk’uko inyandiko y'Ubushinwa yakozwe n'ikinyamakuru Wall Street Journal ibivuga, Leshan Shenghe azaba afite uburenganzira bwihariye bwo kugurisha amabuye y'agaciro ya Mountain Pass. Ibyo ari byo byose, Molycorp izohereza REE mu Bushinwa kugira ngo itunganyirizwe. Kubera ubushobozi bwo kwishingikiriza ku bubiko, inganda z’Abayapani ntizigeze zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku makimbirane yo mu 2010. Icyakora, ubu birashoboka ko Ubushinwa bwitwaje intwaro ku isi idasanzwe. Mu byumweru bike, impuguke z’Abayapani zasuye Mongoliya, Vietnam, Ositaraliya ndetse n’ibindi bihugu bifite ubutunzi bw’isi budasanzwe kugira ngo bukore iperereza. Kuva mu Gushyingo 2010, Ubuyapani bwagiranye amasezerano y'igihe kirekire yo gutanga amasoko na Lynas Group yo muri Ositaraliya. Ubuyapani bwemejwe mu ntangiriro z'umwaka utaha, kandi kuva bwaguka, ubu bumaze kubona 30% by'ubutaka budasanzwe bwa Lynas. Igishimishije, ni uko Leta ya Chine Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yagerageje kugura imigabane myinshi muri Lynas umwaka umwe gusa. Urebye ko Ubushinwa bufite umubare munini w’ibirombe bidasanzwe by’ubutaka, umuntu yavuga ko Ubushinwa buteganya kwiharira isoko ry’ibicuruzwa n’ibisabwa ku isi. Guverinoma ya Ositaraliya yahagaritse ayo masezerano. Kuri Amerika, ibintu bidasanzwe by’isi byongeye kuzamuka mu ntambara y’ubucuruzi y’Ubushinwa na Amerika. Muri Gicurasi 2019, umunyamabanga mukuru w’Ubushinwa, Xi Jinping yagiriye uruzinduko rwamamaye kandi rw’ikigereranyo cyane mu birombe bya Jiangxi Rare Earth, byasobanuwe ko ari ukugaragaza uruhare guverinoma ye yagize i Washington. Ikinyamakuru Daily Daily, ikinyamakuru cyemewe cya Komite Nkuru y’ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry’Ubushinwa, cyanditse kiti: “Muri ubwo buryo gusa, dushobora kuvuga ko Amerika idakwiye gupfobya ubushobozi bw’Ubushinwa bwo kurengera uburenganzira n’uburenganzira bw’iterambere. Ntukavuge ko tutakuburiye.” Indorerezi zerekanye ziti: "Ntukavuge ko tutaburiye. Ijambo" wowe "ubusanzwe rikoreshwa gusa n’itangazamakuru ryemewe mu bihe bikomeye cyane, nko mbere y’uko Ubushinwa bwatera Vietnam muri 1978 ndetse no mu makimbirane y’umupaka n’Ubuhinde mu 2017. Kugira ngo ibibazo by’Amerika bigerweho, kubera ko intwaro zateye imbere ziteye imbere, hakenewe ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe by’isi. imbuzi, haracyakorwa ingamba zo gushyiraho urunigi rutangwa na REE rutarimo Ubushinwa.Nyamara, iki gikorwa kiragoye kuruta gukuramo byoroshye. Mugihe, ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka bivangwa nubundi bucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro atandukanye intambwe irashobora gusubirwamo amagana cyangwa ibihumbi. Bimaze kwezwa, birashobora gutunganyirizwa mu bikoresho bya okiside Ibikoresho, fosifore, ibyuma, ibivanze na magneti, bakoresha imiterere yihariye ya magnetiki, luminescent cyangwa amashanyarazi y’ibi bintu, "ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Scientific American. Mu bihe byinshi, kuba hari ibintu bitera radiyo bigora inzira. Ikigereranyo cyo guhaza ibyo gikeneye mu binyejana byinshi. Ariko, guhera mu 2020, ikinyamakuru cya kabiri mu bunini mu Buyapani, Asahi, cyasobanuye ko inzozi zo kwihaza ari “icyondo.” Ndetse kubuhanga buhanga mubuhanga, kubona uburyo bwo kuvoma ubucuruzi buracyari ikibazo. Igikoresho cyitwa piston core remver ikusanya ibyondo biva munsi yinyanja munsi yubujyakuzimu bwa metero 6000. Kubera ko imashini ya coring ifata iminota irenga 200 kugirango igere ku nyanja, inzira iratera akaga amazi, inyanja irashobora gusenyuka no kumeneka isi idasanzwe hamwe n'ibyondo byacukuwe mu nyanja. ” Impamvu z'ubucuruzi nazo zigomba gutekerezwa: toni 3.500 zigomba gukusanywa buri munsi kugirango isosiyete yunguke. Kugeza ubu, toni 350 gusa ni zo zishobora gukusanywa mu masaha 10 kumunsi. Mu yandi magambo, biratwara igihe kandi bihenze kwitegura gukoresha ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka, haba mubutaka cyangwa mu nyanja Ubushinwa bugenzurwa na Lynas ikibazo kidasanzwe ku isi gifite agaciro, ntabwo ari igisubizo cyiza, Ibiri mu butaka budasanzwe mu birombe by’isosiyete biri munsi y’ibyo mu Bushinwa, bivuze ko Lynas igomba gucukura ibikoresho byinshi byo gukuramo no gutandukanya ubutare bukabije bw’ubutaka (nka s), bityo bikaba byongera ibiciro by’ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro angana na kilo imwe mu kwezi kwa Kanama 2020. neodymium ni US $ 55.20.Mu mwaka wa 2019, ikigo cya Blue Line Corporation gikorera muri Texas cyatangaje ko kizashinga umushinga uhuriweho na Lynas wo kubaka uruganda rutandukanya REE rutarimo Abashinwa. Icyakora, biteganijwe ko umushinga uzatwara imyaka ibiri cyangwa itatu kugira ngo ubeho, bigatuma abaguzi bo muri Amerika bashobora kwibasirwa n’ibicuruzwa byinshi byo mu mahanga byashakaga kugura Lynas, Beijing Kuva muri Miyanimari. Muri 2018, yari toni 25.000 z’ubutaka budasanzwe, kandi kuva ku ya 1 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2019, ni toni 9.217 z’ubutaka bw’ibanze budasanzwe. inzira (nko kunyura mu Ntara ya Yunnan), hanyuma zisubizwa mu Bushinwa kugira ngo zihunge ishyaka ry'amabwiriza. Abaguzi b'Abashinwa na bo bagiye bashaka kubona aho bacukura amabuye y'agaciro muri Greenland, bihungabanya ibirindiro by'ikirere muri Thule, igihugu cyigenga kimwe cya kabiri. gucuruza no gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe. Niki kigize ikibazo cyumutekano kandi nikitagize ikibazo cyumutekano gishobora kuba ikibazo kitavugwaho rumwe hagati y’ishyaka ryigenga rya Danemark-Greenland.Bamwe bemeza ko impungenge z’itangwa ry’ubutaka budasanzwe zarakabije. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010, imigabane yariyongereye kugira ngo ingamba z’ubuyapani zishyirwe mu bikorwa mu gihe gito gushakisha uburyo bufatika mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu karere kayo k’ubukungu bushobora gutsinda, kandi ubushakashatsi ku ishyirwaho ry’abasimbura isi budasanzwe burakomeje. Ubushinwa budasanzwe bw’Ubushinwa ntibushobora kubaho buri gihe ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije agace, ariko amazi y’imyanda arashobora kumeneka cyangwa kumeneka, biganisha ku mwanda ukabije wo mu majyepfo. Nubwo nta hantu na hamwe havugwa umwanda uva mu birombe by’ubutaka bidasanzwe byatewe n’umwuzure wa Yangtze mu 2020, rwose hari impungenge zatewe n’uruganda rwa Leshan Shenghe n’uko ibarura ryabyo rishobora kuba ryinshi ry’amafaranga y’Amerika ibyangiritse n’umwanda biterwa n’umwuzure uzaza nabyo biriyongera.Umuyobozi ukomoka i Ganzhou mu karere wasuwe na Xi Jinping yinubiye ati: “Igitangaje ni uko kubera ko igiciro cy’ubutaka budasanzwe kimaze igihe gito ku rwego rwo hasi, inyungu ziva mu kugurisha ayo mutungo zigereranywa n’amafaranga akenewe kugira ngo ayasane. Nta gaciro. Ibyangiritse. ”Nubwo bimeze bityo, ukurikije inkomoko ya raporo, Ubushinwa buzakomeza gutanga 70% kugeza kuri 77% by'ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi. Gusa mu gihe ikibazo kiri hafi, nko mu mwaka wa 2010 na 2019, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zishobora gukomeza kubyitaho. Ku bijyanye na Magniquench na Molycorp, ihuriro ry’ibihugu byombi rishobora kwemeza ko komite ishinzwe ishoramari ry’amahanga muri Amerika (CFIUS) itazagira ingaruka ku bikorwa by’ubukungu by’Amerika muri Amerika (CFIUS). umutekano, kandi bigomba no kuba maso. Bitandukanye n’ibisubizo bigufi kandi bimara igihe gito, guverinoma ikomeje kwitabwaho mu gihe kizaza ni ngombwa. Iyo dusubije amaso inyuma tukareba amagambo yavuzwe na Daily Daily mu mwaka wa 2019, ntidushobora kuvuga ko tutigeze tuburirwa. Ibyihutirwa.Teufel Dreyer, Umunyeshuri mukuru muri gahunda y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Kamena, ni umwarimu w’ubumenyi bwa politiki muri kaminuza ya Miami muri Coral Gables, muri Floride. Indwara ya coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) yatangiriye mu Bushinwa, ikwirakwiza isi […] Mu nama ya buri mwaka, Perezida wa Tayiwani Tsai Ing-wen Kongere y’abaturage (NPC) ni ikintu kidasobanutse. Muri théorie, Repubulika y’Ubushinwa […] Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’ububanyi n’amahanga cyiyemeje gutanga buruse zo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’isesengura rya politiki y’amashyaka, hibandwa ku bantu bakora politiki kandi bakagira uruhare muri politiki ya Politiki yo mu mahanga 19102 · Tel: 1.215.732.3774 · Fax: 1.215.732.4401 · www.fpri.org Copyright © 2000–2020.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-04-2022