Erbium, ikintu cya 68 mumeza yigihe.
Ubuvumbuzi bwaerbiumni Byuzuye. Mu 1787, mu mujyi muto wa Itby, ku birometero 1,6 uvuye i Stockholm, muri Suwede, havumbuwe isi nshya idasanzwe mu ibuye ry'umukara, ryitwa isi yttrium ukurikije aho yavumbuwe. Nyuma ya Revolution y'Abafaransa, umuhanga mu by'imiti Mossander yakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rishya ryateye imbere kugirango agabanye ibanzeyttriumkuva isi. Kuri ubu, abantu bamenye ko isi yttrium itari "ikintu kimwe" basanga izindi oxyde ebyiri: iyijimye yitwaerbium oxyde, naho umutuku wijimye witwa terbium oxyde. Muri 1843, Mossander yavumbuye erbium naterbium, ariko ntiyizeraga ko ibintu bibiri byabonetse byari byiza kandi bishoboka ko byavanze nibindi bintu. Mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho, abantu bavumbuye buhoro buhoro ko harimo ibintu byinshi bivanze, hanyuma buhoro buhoro basanga ibindi byuma bya lanthanide usibye erbium na terbium.
Ubushakashatsi bwa erbium ntabwo bwari bworoshye nkuko byavumbuwe. Nubwo Maussand yavumbuye okiside yijimye ya erbium mu 1843, kugeza mu 1934 ni bwo urugero rwiza rwaicyuma cya erbiumbyakuweho kubera gukomeza kunoza uburyo bwo kweza. Mu gushyushya no kwezaerbium chloridena potasiyumu, abantu bageze ku kugabanuka kwa erbium na potasiyumu y'icyuma. Nubwo bimeze bityo, imiterere ya erbium irasa cyane nibindi bikoresho bya lanthanide, bigatuma imyaka igera kuri 50 ihagarara mubushakashatsi bujyanye nayo, nka magnetisme, ingufu zo guterana, hamwe no kubyara. Kugeza 1959, hamwe nogukoresha uburyo bwihariye bwa 4f layer ya elegitoroniki ya atome ya erbium mumashanyarazi agaragara, erbium yitabiriwe kandi hashyirwaho uburyo bwinshi bwa erbium.
Erbium, ifeza yera, ifite imiterere yoroshye kandi yerekana gusa ferromagnetism hafi ya zeru rwose. Numuyoboro udasanzwe kandi uhinduka buhoro buhoro umwuka n'amazi mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Okiside Erbiumni ibara ritukura rya roza risanzwe rikoreshwa munganda ya farufari kandi ni glaze nziza. Erbium yibanda cyane mu bitare by’ibirunga kandi ifite amabuye manini manini mu majyepfo y’Ubushinwa.
Erbium ifite ibintu byiza bya optique kandi irashobora guhindura infragre mu mucyo ugaragara, bigatuma iba ibikoresho byiza byo gukora infrarafarike hamwe nibikoresho byo kureba nijoro. Nibikoresho kandi byubuhanga mugutahura fotone, irashobora guhora ikurura fotone ikoresheje urwego rwihariye rwo gushimisha ion murwego rukomeye, hanyuma ikamenya kandi ikabara ayo mafoto kugirango ikore icyuma gifotora. Nyamara, imikorere yo kwinjiza fotone mu buryo butaziguye erbium ion ntabwo yari hejuru. Mu 1966 ni bwo abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoze lazeri ya erbium bafata mu buryo butaziguye ibimenyetso bya optique binyuze mu ion zifasha hanyuma bagahereza ingufu muri erbium.
Ihame rya lazeri ya erbium isa niya lazeri ya holmium, ariko imbaraga zayo ziri hasi cyane ugereranije na laser ya holmium. Lazeri ya erbium ifite uburebure bwa 2940 nanometero irashobora gukoreshwa mugukata imyenda yoroshye. Nubwo ubu bwoko bwa lazeri mukarere ka infragre yo hagati bufite ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjira, burashobora kwinjizwa vuba nubushuhe bwimitsi yabantu, bikagera kubisubizo byiza n'imbaraga nke. Irashobora gukata neza, gusya, no gukuraho imyenda yoroshye, igera gukira vuba. Irakoreshwa cyane mububaga bwa laser nko mu kanwa, umunwa wera, ubwiza, gukuramo inkovu, no gukuramo inkari.
Mu 1985, kaminuza ya Southampton mu Bwongereza na kaminuza y’amajyaruguru y’amajyaruguru y’Ubuyapani yateje imbere fibre amplifier ya erbium-dope. Muri iki gihe, ikibaya cya Wuhan Optics kiri i Wuhan, mu Ntara ya Hubei, mu Bushinwa kirashoboye gukora mu bwigenge iyi fibre fibre fibre erbium ikoherezwa muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Uburayi, n'ahandi. Iyi porogaramu ni kimwe mu bintu byavumbuwe cyane mu itumanaho rya fibre optique, igihe cyose igipimo runaka cya erbium gikoporowe, kirashobora kwishyura indishyi zo gutakaza ibimenyetso bya optique muri sisitemu yitumanaho. Ubu amplifier nigikoresho gikoreshwa cyane mugutumanaho kwa fibre optique, gishobora kohereza ibimenyetso bya optique bidacogoye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-16-2023