Aimvugo ngereranyo isanzwe ni uko niba amavuta ari maraso yinganda, isi idasanzwe ni vitamine yinganda.
Isi idasanzwe ni impfunyapfunyo yitsinda ryibyuma. Ibidasanzwe Byisi, REE) byavumbuwe nyuma yikinyejana cya 18. Hariho ubwoko 17 bwa REE, harimo 15 lanthanide mumeza yigihe cyibintu bya chimique-lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), nibindi kuri ubu, ifite, yakoreshejwe cyane mubice byinshi nka electronics, peteroli na metallurgie. Hafi ya buri myaka 3-5, abahanga barashobora kuvumbura imikoreshereze mishya yisi idasanzwe, kandi kimwe mubintu bitandatu byavumbuwe ntigishobora gutandukanywa nisi idasanzwe.
Ubushinwa bukungahaye ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe, buza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi itatu: ubwa mbere mu bubiko bw'umutungo, bingana na 23%; Ibisohoka nibyambere, bingana na 80% kugeza 90% byibicuruzwa bidasanzwe ku isi; Ingano yo kugurisha niyambere, hamwe 60% kugeza 70% byibicuruzwa bidasanzwe byoherezwa hanze. Muri icyo gihe, Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu cyonyine gishobora gutanga amoko 17 yose y’ubutaka budasanzwe, cyane cyane ubutaka buciriritse kandi buremereye budasanzwe bukoreshwa mu buryo budasanzwe.Umugabane w’Ubushinwa ni ishyari.
Rni isi ni umutungo w'ingirakamaro, uzwi nka "inganda monosodium glutamate" na "nyina wibikoresho bishya", kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubumenyi bugezweho n'ikoranabuhanga n'inganda za gisirikare. Nk’uko Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ibitangaza, ibikoresho bikora nk’isi idasanzwe ya rukuruzi ihoraho, luminescence, ububiko bwa hydrogène na catalizike byabaye ibikoresho by’ingirakamaro mu nganda z’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye nko gukora ibikoresho bigezweho, ingufu nshya n’inganda zizamuka.Ni na byo ikoreshwa cyane muri electronics, inganda za peteroli, metallurgie, imashini, ingufu nshya, inganda zoroheje, kurengera ibidukikije, ubuhinzi nibindi. .
Nko mu 1983, Ubuyapani bwashyizeho uburyo bwo kubika amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe, naho 83% by'ubutaka budasanzwe bwo mu gihugu bwaturutse mu Bushinwa.
Ongera urebe muri Amerika, ububiko bw’ubutaka budasanzwe ni ubwa kabiri nyuma y’Ubushinwa, ariko isi idasanzwe ni isi yoroheje cyane, igabanijwemo isi idasanzwe ndetse n’ubutaka budasanzwe. Ubutaka bukabije budasanzwe buhenze cyane, kandi isi idasanzwe yoroheje ntisanzwe mubucukuzi bwanjye, bwahinduwe nubutaka budasanzwe nabantu bo muruganda. 80% by'ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe byo muri Amerika bitumizwa mu Bushinwa.
Mugenzi Deng Xiaoping yigeze kuvuga ati: “Mu Bushinwa hari peteroli ndetse n'ubutaka budasanzwe mu Bushinwa.” Inshingano yamagambo ye irigaragaza. Isi idasanzwe ntabwo ari "MSG" ikenewe gusa kuri 1/5 cyibicuruzwa bikoresha tekinoroji ku isi, ahubwo ni chip ikomeye yo guhahirana mubushinwa kumeza yumushyikirano ku isi mugihe kizaza. Kurinda no gukoresha siyanse umutungo wubutaka budasanzwe, Byahindutse ingamba zigihugu zahamagariwe nabantu benshi bafite ibitekerezo byiza mumyaka yashize kugirango babuze ubutunzi bwagaciro budasanzwe kugurishwa buhumyi no koherezwa mubihugu byuburengerazuba. Mu 1992, Deng Xiaoping yavuze neza ko Ubushinwa buhagaze nk'igihugu kinini kidasanzwe ku isi.
Urutonde rwo gukoresha isi 17 idasanzwe
Lanthanum 1 ikoreshwa mubikoresho bivangwa na firime yubuhinzi
Cerium ikoreshwa cyane mubirahuri by'imodoka
3 praseodymium ikoreshwa cyane muri ceramic pigment
Neodymium ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo mu kirere
Cymbals 5 zitanga ingufu zifasha satelite
Gushyira mu bikorwa Samariyumu 6 mu ngufu za Atome
7 europium ikora lens hamwe na kristu yerekana
Gadolinium 8 yo gufata amashusho ya magnetic resonance imashusho
9 terbium ikoreshwa mugutunganya amababa yindege
Erbium 10 ikoreshwa muri laser rangefinder mubibazo bya gisirikare
11 dysprosium ikoreshwa nkisoko yo kumurika firime no gucapa
12 holmium ikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho byitumanaho ryiza
13 thulium ikoreshwa mugupima kwa muganga no kuvura ibibyimba
14 ytterbium yongeyeho kubintu bya mudasobwa yibuka
Gukoresha lutetium 15 muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri
16 yttrium ikora insinga nibice byingufu zindege
Scandium ikoreshwa mugukora amavuta
Ibisobanuro ni ibi bikurikira:
1
Lanthanum (LA)
Mu ntambara yo mu kigobe, igikoresho cyo kureba nijoro gifite isi idasanzwe ya lanthanum yabaye isoko ikomeye ya tanki yo muri Amerika. Ishusho hejuru irerekana ifu ya lanthanum chloride（Ikarita yamakuru)
Lanthanum ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya piezoelectric, ibikoresho bya electrothermal, ibikoresho bya thermoelectric, ibikoresho bya magnetoresistive, ibikoresho bya luminescent (ifu yubururu), ibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène, ibirahuri bya optique, ibikoresho bya laser, ibikoresho bitandukanye bivangwa, nibindi. ibikomoka ku buhinzi-mwimerere byinshi, Abahanga bise lanthanum “super calcium” kubera ingaruka zabyo ku bihingwa.
2
Cerium (CE)
Cerium irashobora gukoreshwa nka catalizator, arc electrode hamwe nikirahure kidasanzwe.Cerium alloy irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibice byindege.（Ikarita yamakuru)
. conditioning. Kuva 1997, ceria yongewe mubirahuri byose byimodoka mubuyapani. Mu 1996, byibuze toni 2000 za ceria zakoreshejwe mu kirahure cy’imodoka, na toni zirenga 1000 muri Amerika.
. Ikoreshwa rya Cerium muri Amerika rifite kimwe cya gatatu cyokoresha isi idasanzwe.
(3) Cerium sulfide irashobora gukoreshwa muri pigment aho gukoresha gurş, kadmium nibindi byuma byangiza ibidukikije nabantu. Irashobora gukoreshwa mu gusiga amabara plastike, impuzu, wino n'inganda. Kugeza ubu, isosiyete iyoboye ni Igifaransa Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: Sisitemu ya laser ya LiSAF ni lazeri ikomeye-yakozwe na Amerika. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugutahura ibirwanisho biologiya hamwe nubuvuzi mugukurikirana intumbero ya tryptophan.Cerium ikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi. Hafi yisi yose ikoreshwa mubutaka irimo cerium.Nkuko ifu ya polishinge, ibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène, ibikoresho bya termoelektrike, cerium tungsten electrode, capacitori ceramic, ceramics ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, ibikoresho fatizo bya peteroli, ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, amavuta atandukanye ibyuma n'ibyuma bidafite ferrous.
3
Praseodymium (PR)
Praseodymium neodymium
(1) Praseodymium ikoreshwa cyane mukubaka ububumbyi nubukorikori bwa buri munsi. Irashobora kuvangwa na ceramic glaze kugirango ikore ibara, kandi irashobora no gukoreshwa nka pigment ya underglaze. Ibara ryumuhondo ryerurutse rifite ibara ryiza kandi ryiza.
. ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki na moteri.
. kandi ibyo kurya biriyongera.
.
4
Neodymium (nd)
Kuki ikigega cya M1 gishobora kuboneka mbere? Ikigega gifite ibikoresho bya Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, ishobora kugera ku ntera ya metero 4000 ku manywa y'ihangu.（Ikarita yamakuru)
Hamwe no kuvuka kwa praseodymium, neodymium yabayeho. Kuza kwa neodymium byatumye umurima w'isi udasanzwe, ugira uruhare runini mu murima w'isi udasanzwe, kandi wagize ingaruka ku isoko ridasanzwe ry'isi.
Neodymium yabaye ahantu hashyushye kumasoko imyaka myinshi kubera umwanya wihariye mubijyanye nubutaka budasanzwe. Umukoresha munini wicyuma cya neodymium ni NdFeB ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho. Kuza kwa NdFeB magnesi zihoraho byinjije imbaraga nshya mubutaka budasanzwe buhanga-buhanga. Magnet ya NdFeB yitwa "umwami wa magnesi zihoraho" kubera umusaruro mwinshi wa magneti.Bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imashini nizindi nganda kugirango bikore neza. Iterambere ryiza rya Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ryerekana ko imiterere ya magneti ya magneti ya NdFeB mubushinwa yinjiye murwego rwisi. Neodymium nayo ikoreshwa mubikoresho bidafite ferrous. Ongeramo 1.5-2.5% neodymium muri magnesium cyangwa aluminiyumu irashobora kunoza imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubukana bwumwuka hamwe no kwangirika kwangirika kwa alloy.Bikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho byo mu kirere. Byongeye kandi, neodymium-yuzuye yttrium aluminium garnet itanga urumuri rugufi rwa lazeri, rukoreshwa cyane mugusudira no gukata ibikoresho bito bifite uburebure buri munsi ya 10mm mu nganda. Mu buvuzi, Nd: YAG laser ikoreshwa mugukuraho kubaga cyangwa kwanduza ibikomere aho kuba scalpel. Neodymium ikoreshwa kandi mu kurangi ibirahuri n'ibikoresho bya ceramique kandi nk'inyongera ku bicuruzwa bya reberi.
5
Trollium (Pm)
Thulium nikintu gihimbano cya radio ikora na reaction ya nucleaire (ikarita yamakuru)
(1) irashobora gukoreshwa nkisoko yubushyuhe. Tanga ingufu zifasha gutahura vacuum na satelite artificiel.
(2) Pm147 isohora ingufu nke β-imirasire, ishobora gukoreshwa mugukora bateri za cymbal. Nkibikoresho byamashanyarazi ibikoresho byo kuyobora misile nisaha. Ubu bwoko bwa bateri ni nto mubunini kandi irashobora gukoreshwa ubudahwema imyaka myinshi. Byongeye kandi, promethium ikoreshwa kandi mubikoresho byoroshye X- ray, gutegura fosifore, gupima umubyimba n'amatara ya beacon.
6
Samarium (Sm)
Samarium yicyuma (ikarita yamakuru)
Sm ni umuhondo woroshye, kandi ni ibikoresho fatizo bya rukuruzi ya Sm-Co ihoraho, kandi Sm-Co ni yo rukuruzi ya mbere idasanzwe ikoreshwa mu nganda. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa magnesi zihoraho: sisitemu ya SmCo5 na sisitemu ya Sm2Co17. Mu ntangiriro ya za 70, sisitemu ya SmCo5 yavumbuwe, naho sisitemu ya Sm2Co17 yavumbuwe mugihe cyakurikiyeho. Noneho icyifuzo cya nyuma gihabwa umwanya wambere. Ubuziranenge bwa okiside ya samariyumu ikoreshwa muri samarium cobalt magnet ntigomba kuba hejuru cyane. Urebye ikiguzi, Ahanini ukoresha hafi 95% yibicuruzwa. Mubyongeyeho, okiside ya samariyumu ikoreshwa no mububiko bwa ceramic na catalizator. Byongeye kandi, samariyumu ifite imiterere ya kirimbuzi, ishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubaka, ibikoresho byo gukingira hamwe n’ibikoresho bigenzura ingufu za atome zikoresha ingufu za atome, ku buryo ingufu nini zituruka ku myuka ya kirimbuzi zishobora gukoreshwa neza.
7
Europium (Eu)
Ifu ya Europium oxyde (ikarita yamakuru)
Europium oxyde ikoreshwa cyane kuri fosifore (ikarita yamakuru)
Mu 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay yavumbuye ikintu gishya muri “samarium”, cyitwa Europium. Ibi birashoboka ko byitiriwe ijambo Uburayi. Okiside ya Europium ikoreshwa cyane kuri poro ya fluorescent. Eu3 + ikoreshwa nka activate ya fosifore itukura, naho Eu2 + ikoreshwa nka fosifori y'ubururu. Noneho Y2O2S: Eu3 + niyo fosifore nziza muburyo bwiza bwo kumurika, gutwikira umutekano hamwe nigiciro cyo gutunganya. Byongeye kandi, irakoreshwa cyane kubera iterambere ryikoranabuhanga nko kuzamura imikorere yumucyo no gutandukana. Europium oxyde nayo yakoreshejwe nka fosifori yohereza imyuka ya sisitemu nshya yo gusuzuma indwara ya X-ray mu myaka yashize. Okiside ya Europium irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora lens yamabara hamwe na optique yo kuyungurura, kubikoresho byo kubika magnetiki bubble, Irashobora kandi kwerekana impano yayo mubikoresho byo kugenzura, ibikoresho bikingira hamwe nibikoresho byububiko bwa reaction ya atome.
8
Gadolinium (Gd)
Gadolinium na isotopes zayo ni zo zikoresha neutron nziza cyane kandi zishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibuza ingufu za reaction za kirimbuzi. (ikarita yamakuru)
.
.
(3) Gadolinium muri Gadolinium Gallium Garnet ni substrate imwe nziza yo kwibuka cyane.
.
.
(6) Ikoreshwa nk'inyongera ya samarium cobalt magnet kugirango irebe ko imikorere idahinduka hamwe n'ubushyuhe.
9
Terbium (Tb)
Ifu ya Terbium oxyde (ikarita yamakuru)
Ikoreshwa rya terbium ahanini ririmo urwego rwubuhanga buhanitse, akaba ari umushinga wambere ufite ikoranabuhanga kandi ryibanda cyane ku bumenyi, ndetse n'umushinga ufite inyungu zidasanzwe mu bukungu, ufite iterambere ryiza.
.
(2) Ibikoresho byo kubika Magneto-optique. Mu myaka yashize, ibikoresho bya terbium magneto-optique bigeze ku ntera y’umusaruro rusange. Disiki ya Magneto-optique ikozwe muri firime ya Tb-Fe amorphous ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika mudasobwa, kandi ubushobozi bwo kubika bwiyongereyeho inshuro 10 ~ 15.
. By'umwihariko, iterambere rya TerFenol ryafunguye uburyo bushya bwa Terfenol, ni ibikoresho bishya byavumbuwe mu myaka ya za 70. Kimwe cya kabiri cyuruvange rugizwe na terbium na dysprosium, rimwe na rimwe hamwe na holmium naho ibindi bikaba ibyuma.Imisemburo yatunganijwe bwa mbere na Laboratoire ya Ames i Iowa, muri Amerika. Iyo Terfenol ishyizwe mumashanyarazi, ubunini bwayo burahinduka kuruta ubw'ibikoresho bisanzwe bya magneti, bishobora gutuma ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigenda neza. Terbium dysprosium icyuma gikoreshwa cyane cyane muri sonar mbere, kandi cyakoreshejwe henshi mubice byinshi muri iki gihe. Kuva muri sisitemu yo gutera ibitoro, kugenzura imiyoboro y'amazi, kugenzura mikoro, kugeza ku mashini zikoresha imashini, uburyo bwo kugenzura amababa ya telesikopi y’indege.
10
Dy (Dy)
Dysprosium yicyuma (ikarita yamakuru)
. Mu bihe byashize, icyifuzo cya dysprosium nticyari kinini, ariko hamwe n’ibikenerwa na magneti ya NdFeB, byahindutse ikintu cyongeweho, kandi amanota agomba kuba agera kuri 95 ~ 99.9%, kandi icyifuzo nacyo cyiyongereye vuba.
(2) Dysprosium ikoreshwa nkigikorwa cya fosifore. Trivalent dysprosium nicyizere cyo gukora ion yibikoresho bya tricolor luminescent hamwe na luminescent center imwe. Igizwe ahanini na bande ebyiri zangiza, imwe ni urumuri rwumuhondo, ikindi ni urumuri rwubururu. Ibikoresho bya luminescent byashyizwe hamwe na dysprosium birashobora gukoreshwa nka fosifori ya tricolor.
. (4) Icyuma cya Dysprosium kirashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika magneto-optique bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gufata amajwi no kumva neza.
. nk'isoko ryo kumurika firime no gucapa.
.
(7) Dy3Al5O12 irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibintu bikora rukuruzi ya firigo. Hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nikoranabuhanga, imirima ikoreshwa ya dysprosium izakomeza kwagurwa no kwagurwa.
11
Holmium (Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy (ikarita yamakuru)
Kugeza ubu, umurima wo gukoresha ibyuma ugomba kurushaho gutezwa imbere, kandi kubikoresha ntabwo ari binini cyane. Vuba aha, Ikigo Cy’ubushakashatsi Cy’ubushakashatsi ku Bidasanzwe cya Baotou cyakoresheje ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rihanitse rya vacuum, kandi ryateje imbere icyuma cyiza cyane Qin Ho /> RE> 99,9% gifite ibintu bike by’imyanda idasanzwe.
Kugeza ubu, imikoreshereze yingenzi yo gufunga ni:
. Kugeza ubu, iyode idasanzwe yisi ikoreshwa cyane cyane, isohora imirongo itandukanye iyo gaze isohotse. Ibintu bikora bikoreshwa mumatara yicyuma ni qiniodide, Ubushuhe bwinshi bwa atome yicyuma burashobora kuboneka muri arc zone, bityo bikazamura cyane imikorere yimirasire.
(2) Icyuma gishobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera yo gufata ibyuma cyangwa miliyari ya aluminium garnet
. Kubwibyo, mugihe ukoresheje Ho: YAG laser mugikorwa cyubuvuzi, ntishobora kunoza imikorere yimikorere nukuri, ariko kandi igabanya ahantu hashobora kwangirika kwubushyuhe kugeza mubunini. Igiti cyubusa gitangwa na kristu yo gufunga kirashobora gukuraho ibinure bitabyaye ubushyuhe bukabije, Kugirango hagabanuke kwangirika kwubushyuhe bwimyanya ndangagitsina, haravugwa ko kuvura w-laser kuvura glaucoma muri Amerika bishobora kugabanya ububabare bwo kubagwa.Urwego ya 2um laser kristal mubushinwa igeze kurwego mpuzamahanga, birakenewe rero guteza imbere no kubyara ubu bwoko bwa laser kristal.
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12
Erbium (ER)
Ifu ya Erbium oxyde (imbonerahamwe yamakuru)
. Nyuma yo gushimishwa numucyo wa 980nm na 1480nm, ion bait (Er3 +) iva mubutaka 4115/2 ikajya muri leta ifite ingufu nyinshi 4I13 / 2. Iyo Er3 + muri leta ifite ingufu nyinshi isubira mubutaka, itanga urumuri 1550nm. Fibre ya Quartz irashobora kohereza urumuri rwuburebure butandukanye, Nyamara, igipimo cya optique ya 1550nm ya bande nicyo cyo hasi cyane (0.15 dB / km), kikaba aricyo gipimo cyo hasi cyo kugabanuka. Kubwibyo, gutakaza optique ya fibre optique ni ntoya iyo ikoreshwa nk'itara ryerekana ibimenyetso kuri 1550 nm.Muri ubu buryo, niba kwibumbira hamwe kwa bait bivanze muri matrise ikwiye, amplifier irashobora kwishyura igihombo muri sisitemu yitumanaho ukurikije ihame rya laser, Kubwibyo, muri umuyoboro w'itumanaho ukeneye kongera ibimenyetso bya 1550nm optique, bait doped fibre amplifier nigikoresho cyingenzi cya optique. Kugeza ubu, amplifier ya bait doped silica fibre yaracururizwaga. Biravugwa ko mu rwego rwo kwirinda kwinjirira ubusa, amafaranga yatanzwe muri fibre optique agera kuri mirongo kugeza kuri magana ppm. Iterambere ryihuse ry’itumanaho rya fibre optique rizafungura imirima mishya ikoreshwa. .
(2). umwanzi, kandi itandukaniro ryimirasire yibitero bya gisirikare ni binini. Yakozwe muburyo bworoshye bwa laser rangefinder ifite umutekano mumaso yabantu mugukoresha igisirikare.
(3).
(4) Er3 + irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka ion ikora mubutaka budasanzwe hejuru ya laser ibikoresho.
(5).
13
Thulium (TM)
Nyuma yo kumurikirwa mumashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi, thulium itanga isotope ishobora kohereza X-ray, ishobora gukoreshwa nkisoko ya X-ray.（Ikarita yamakuru)
(1)TM ikoreshwa nkimirasire yimashini yimashini X-ray. Nyuma yo kurasirwa mumashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi,TMikora ubwoko bwa isotope ishobora gusohora X-ray, ishobora gukoreshwa mugukora irradiator yamaraso. Ubu bwoko bwa radiometero irashobora guhindura yu-169 muriTM-170 munsi yumurongo muremure kandi wo hagati, hanyuma ukwirakwiza X-ray kugirango urabagirane amaraso kandi ugabanye selile yera. Utwo tugingo ngengabuzima twera nabwo dutera kwangwa guhindurwa ingingo, Kugirango bigabanye kwangwa hakiri kare ingingo.
(2) (2)TMIrashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugupima kwa muganga no kuvura ibibyimba kubera ko bifitanye isano cyane nuduce twibibyimba, isi idasanzwe irahuza cyane nubutaka budasanzwe bworoshye, cyane cyane isano ya Yu nini nini.
(3). Imirasire ikabije ni 50%, ifite akamaro gakomeye mugukoresha ubuvuzi.
(4) (4) Itara ryicyuma cya halide rirashobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera mumasoko mashya.
(5). yubutaka budasanzwe hejuru yibikoresho bya laser.
14
Ytterbium (Yb)
Icyuma cya Ytterbium (ikarita yamakuru)
.
. magnetostriction.
(3) Ikintu cyindorerwamo gikoreshwa mugupima igitutu. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibyiyumvo byibintu byindorerwamo biri hejuru murwego rwa kalibatifike yumuvuduko, bifungura inzira nshya yo gukoresha indorerwamo mugupima igitutu.
.
. Mubyongeyeho, indorerwamo nayo ikoreshwa mugukoresha ifu ya fluorescent, radio ceramics, ibikoresho bya mudasobwa yibikoresho bya elegitoronike (magnetic bubble), ibirahuri bya fibre flux nibindi byongera ibirahure, nibindi.
15
Lutetium (Lu)
Ifu ya Lutetium (ikarita yamakuru)
Yttrium lutetium silicate kristal (ikarita yamakuru)
(1) gukora bimwe bidasanzwe. Kurugero, lutetium aluminiyumu irashobora gukoreshwa mugusesengura ibikorwa bya neutron.
.
(3) Kwiyongera kwicyuma cya yttrium cyangwa garnet ya yttrium aluminium irashobora kunoza ibintu bimwe na bimwe.
(4) Ibikoresho bibisi bya magnetiki bubble ikigega.
. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kristu ya lutetium ikozwe na NYAB iruta kristu ya NYAB muburyo bwa optique hamwe na laser.
. Mubyongeyeho, lutetium ikoreshwa kandi muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri yingufu no gukora fosifore.
16
Yttrium (y)
Yttrium ikoreshwa cyane, garnet ya yttrium aluminium irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya laser, garnet yttrium yicyuma ikoreshwa muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya microwave no guhererekanya ingufu za acoustic, na europium-dope yttrium vanadate na europium-yuzuye yttrium oxyde ikoreshwa nka fosifori kuri tereviziyo yamabara. (ikarita yamakuru)
(1) Inyongeramusaruro zibyuma nibidafite ferrous. Ubusanzwe FeCr ibinyobwa birimo 0.5-4% yttrium, ishobora kongera imbaraga zo kurwanya okiside no guhindagurika kwibyuma bitagira umwanda; Ibintu byuzuye bya MB26 alloy biragaragara ko byatejwe imbere hiyongereyeho urugero rwinshi rwa yttrium ikungahaye ku isi idasanzwe, ishobora gusimbuza amavuta akomeye ya aluminiyumu kandi igakoreshwa mu bice bigize indege. Ongeramo agace gato ka yttrium-ikungahaye ku isi idasanzwe muri Al-Zr alloy, Ubushobozi bwurwo ruvange burashobora kunozwa; Amavuta yakoreshejwe ninganda nyinshi zinsinga mubushinwa. Ongeramo yttrium mumuringa wumuringa utezimbere imbaraga nimbaraga za mashini.
(2) Ibikoresho bya silicon nitride ceramic irimo 6% yttrium na 2% aluminium irashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere ibice bya moteri.
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. Byongeye kandi, yttrium nayo ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo gutera ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane, ikoreshwa rya lisansi ya reaction ya atome, inyongeramusaruro yibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, hamwe na getter mu nganda za elegitoroniki.
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Scandium (Sc)
Icyuma cya scandium (ikarita yamakuru)
Ugereranije nibintu bya yttrium na lanthanide, scandium ifite radiyo ntoya cyane ya ionic na alkaline nkeya ya hydroxide. Kubwibyo, iyo scandium nibintu bidasanzwe byisi bivanze hamwe, scandium izabanza kugwa mbere iyo ivuwe na ammonia (cyangwa alkali ikabije cyane), bityo irashobora gutandukana byoroshye nibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "imvura igwa". Ubundi buryo ni ugukoresha polarisiyasi yangirika ya nitrate kugirango itandukane. Nitrat ya Sandium niyo yoroshye kubora, bityo ukagera ku ntego yo gutandukana.
Sc irashobora kuboneka na electrolysis. ScCl3, KCl na LiCl bifatanyirizwa hamwe mugihe cyo gutunganya scandium, kandi zinc yashongeshejwe ikoreshwa nka cathode ya electrolysis, kuburyo scandium igwa kuri electrode ya zinc, hanyuma zinc igahumeka kugirango ibone scandium. Byongeye kandi, scandium isubirana byoroshye mugihe itunganya amabuye kugirango itange uranium, thorium na lanthanide. Kugarura byimazeyo scandium ifitanye isano na tungsten na tin ore nayo nimwe mumasoko y'ingenzi ya scandium.Scandium ni mainly muburyo butatu murwego, rushobora guhinduka okiside muri Sc2O3 mukirere kandi igatakaza urumuri rwicyuma igahinduka imvi zijimye.
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru ya scandium ni:
(1) Scandium irashobora gufata amazi ashyushye kugirango irekure hydrogene, kandi ikanashonga muri aside, bityo rero nikintu gikomeye kigabanya.
(2) Scandium oxyde na hydroxide ni alkaline gusa, ariko ivu ryumunyu ntirishobora kuba hydrolyz. Scandium chloride ni kirisiti yera, igashonga mumazi na deliquescent mukirere. . Kurugero, kongeramo scandium nkeya kuri fer yashongeshejwe birashobora kunoza cyane imiterere yicyuma, mugihe wongeyeho scandium nkeya kuri aluminium birashobora kunoza imbaraga no kurwanya ubushyuhe.
(4) Mu nganda za elegitoroniki, scandium irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bitandukanye bya semiconductor. Kurugero, ikoreshwa rya scandium sulfite muri semiconductor ryashimishije abantu murugo ndetse no hanze yarwo, kandi ferrite irimo scandium nayo iratanga ikizere muriibikoresho bya mudasobwa.
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(6) Mu nganda zikirahure, ibirahuri bidasanzwe birimo scandium birashobora gukorwa.
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(8) Scandium ibaho muburyo bwa 45Sc muri kamere. Mubyongeyeho, hariho isotopi icyenda ya radio ikora ya Scandium, aribyo 40 ~ 44Sc na 46 ~ 49Sc. Muri byo, 46Sc, nka tracer, yakoreshejwe mu nganda z’imiti, metallurgie n’inyanja. Mubuvuzi, hari abantu mumahanga biga bakoresheje 46Sc kuvura kanseri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-04-2022