Magic Rare Earth Element: "Umwami wa Magneti ahoraho" -Neodymium

bastnasite

Neodymium, numero ya atome 60, uburemere bwa atome 144.24, hamwe nibirimo 0.00239% mubutaka, bibaho cyane cyane muri monazite na bastnaesite. Hariho isotopi irindwi ya neodymium muri kamere: neodymium 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 na 150, muri zo neodymium 142 ifite ibintu byinshi. Hamwe no kuvuka kwa praseodymium, neodymium yabayeho. Kuza kwa neodymium byatumaga umurima wisi udasanzwe kandi wagize uruhare runini muriwo.Kandi bigira ingaruka kumasoko adasanzwe yisi.

Ubuvumbuzi bwa Neodymium

Karl Orvon Welsbach (1858-1929), uvumbuye neodymium

Mu 1885, umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Otirishiya Carl Orvon Welsbach Carl Auer von Welsbach yavumbuye neodymium i Vienne. Yatandukanije neodymium na praseodymium n'ibikoresho bya simmetrike ya neodymium atandukanya no gutondekanya nitrati ya ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate na acide ya nitric, kandi icyarimwe yatandukanijwe no gusesengura ibintu, ariko ntibyatandukanijwe muburyo busukuye kugeza mu 1925.

Kuva mu myaka ya za 1950, neodymium yera cyane (hejuru ya 99%) yabonetse cyane cyane muburyo bwo guhana ion ya monazite. Icyuma ubwacyo kiboneka mugukoresha amashanyarazi umunyu wa halide. Kugeza ubu, neodymium nyinshi yakuwe muri (Ce, La, Nd, Pr) CO3F muri basta Nathanite kandi isukurwa no gukuramo ibishishwa. Ion yogusukura isuku yibitseho isuku ryinshi (mubisanzwe> 99,99%) kugirango yitegure.Kubera ko bigoye gukuraho ibimenyetso byanyuma bya praseodymium mugihe mugihe inganda ziterwa na tekinoroji yo gutegera intambwe, ikirahuri cya neodymium cyambere cyakozwe muri 1930 gifite ibara ryumutuku wijimye. kandi umutuku cyangwa orange ibara ryinshi kuruta verisiyo igezweho.

Icyuma cya Neodymium

Metalic neodymium ifite urumuri rwiza rwa feza, urumuri rwa 1024 ° C, ubucucike bwa 7.004 g / cm, na paramagnetism. Neodymium ni kimwe mu byuma bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mu isi, bihindura vuba kandi bikijimye mu kirere, hanyuma bigakora urwego rwa oxyde hanyuma bigashonga, bikerekana ibyuma bikomeza okiside. Kubwibyo, urugero rwa neodymium rufite ubunini bwa santimetero imwe iba oxyde rwose mumwaka umwe. Ifata buhoro mumazi akonje kandi vuba mumazi ashyushye.

Ibikoresho bya Neodymium

Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4

Imikorere ya laser ya neodymium iterwa no guhinduranya electroni ya 4f ya orbital hagati yingufu zitandukanye. Ibikoresho bya laser bikoreshwa cyane mubitumanaho, kubika amakuru, kuvura, kuvura, gutunganya, nibindi. Muri byo, yttrium aluminium garnet Y3Al5O12: Nd (YAG: Nd) ikoreshwa cyane nibikorwa byiza, hamwe na Nd-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet hamwe na hejuru gukora neza.

Gukoresha Neodymium

Umukoresha munini wa neodymium ni NdFeB ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho. Magnet ya NdFeB yitwa "umwami wa magnesi zihoraho" kubera ingufu zayo zikomeye. Ikoreshwa cyane muri electronics, imashini nizindi nganda kubikorwa byayo byiza. Francis Wall, umwarimu w’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro mu ishuri ry’ubucukuzi bwa Cumberland, muri kaminuza ya Exeter, mu Bwongereza, yagize ati: “Ku bijyanye na magnesi, mu byukuri nta kintu na kimwe gishobora guhangana na neodymium. Iterambere ryiza rya Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ryerekana ko imiterere ya rukuruzi ya magnet ya NdFeB mubushinwa yinjiye kurwego rwisi.

Neodymium magnet kuri disiki ikomeye

Neodymium irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ububumbyi, ikirahuri cyijimye cyijimye, amabuye yubururu muri laser hamwe nikirahure kidasanzwe gishobora gushungura imirasire yimirasire. Byakoreshejwe hamwe na praseodymium kugirango ukore amadarubindi yerekana ibirahuri.

Ongeramo 1.5% ~ 2,5% nano neodymium oxyde muri magnesium cyangwa aluminiyumu irashobora kunoza imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubukana bwikirere hamwe no kwangirika kwangirika kwivanga, kandi ikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho byo mu kirere mu ndege.

Nano-yttrium aluminium garnet yometse kuri oxyde ya nano-neodymium itanga urumuri rugufi rwa lazeri, rukoreshwa cyane mu gusudira no gukata ibikoresho bito bifite uburebure buri munsi ya 10mm mu nganda.

Nd: YAG laser inkoni

Mu buvuzi, nano yttrium aluminium garnet laser yometse kuri nano neodymium oxyde ikoreshwa mugukuraho ibikomere byo kubaga cyangwa kwanduza ibikomere aho kuba ibyuma byo kubaga.

Ikirahuri cya Neodymium gikozwe mukongeramo okiside ya neodymium mumashanyarazi. Ubusanzwe Lavender igaragara mu kirahuri cya neodymium munsi yizuba cyangwa itara ryaka, ariko ubururu bwerurutse bugaragara munsi yamatara ya fluorescent. Neodymium irashobora gukoreshwa mugushushanya amabara meza yikirahure nka violet yera, vino itukura nicyatsi gishyushye.

ikirahuri cya neodymium

Hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nubuhanga no kwaguka no kwagura isi idasanzwe siyanse nubuhanga, neodymium izaba ifite umwanya mugari wo gukoresha