Praseodymiumni icya gatatu cyibintu byinshi bya lanthanide mumeza yigihe cyibintu bya shimi, hamwe na 9.5 ppm nyinshi mubutaka, gusa munsicerium, yttrium,lanthanum, nascandium. Nibintu bya gatanu byinshi cyane mubutaka budasanzwe. Ariko kimwe n'izina rye,praseodymiumni umunyamuryango woroheje kandi udafite imitako yumuryango udasanzwe wisi.
CF Auer Von Welsbach yavumbuye praseodymium mu 1885.
Mu 1751, umuhanga mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro wo muri Suwede Axel Fredrik Cronstedt yasanze amabuye y'agaciro aremereye mu bucukuzi bwa Bastn ä, nyuma yaje kwitwa cerite. Nyuma yimyaka 30, Vilhelm Hisinger wimyaka cumi nagatanu yo mumuryango wari ufite icyo kirombe yohereje urugero rwe Carl Scheele, ariko ntiyabonye ibintu bishya. Mu 1803, Umuhanzi amaze kuba umucuzi, yasubiye mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro hamwe na J ö ns Jacob Berzelius maze atandukanya oxyde nshya, umubumbe wa deref Ceres, bavumbuye mu myaka ibiri ishize. Ceria yatandukanijwe yigenga na Martin Heinrich Klaproth mu Budage.
Hagati ya 1839 na 1843, umuganga ubaga Suwede akaba n'umuhanga mu by'imiti Carl Gustaf Mosander bavumbuye ibyocerium oxydeyari imvange ya oxyde. Yatandukanije izindi oxyde ebyiri, yise lanthana na didymia “didymia” (bisobanura “impanga” mu kigereki). Yabora igicecerium nitrateicyitegererezo mu kuyotsa mu kirere, hanyuma ukayivura ukoresheje acide ya nitricike kugirango ubone oxyde. Ibyuma bigize iyi oxyde rero yitwalanthanumnapraseodymium.
Mu 1885, CF Auer Von Welsbach, umunya Otirishiya wavumbuye igifuniko cya thorium cerium vapor lamp gauze, yatandukanije neza "praseodymium neodymium", "impanga zifatanije", aho umunyu wa praseodymium n'umunyu wa roza wa neodymium watandukanijwe maze biyemeza kuba ibintu bibiri bishya. Imwe yitwa "Praseodymium", ikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki prason, risobanura icyatsi kibisi kuko igisubizo cy'amazi y'umunyu wa praseodymium kizerekana ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi; Ikindi kintu cyiswe “Neodymium“. Gutandukana neza kw "impanga zifatanije" byabafashaga kwerekana impano zabo mu bwigenge.
Ifeza yera yicyuma, yoroshye kandi ihindagurika. Praseodymium ifite kristu ya mpande esheshatu zubushyuhe bwicyumba. Kurwanya ruswa mu kirere birakomeye kuruta ibya lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, na europium, ariko iyo bihuye n'umwuka, hakorwa urwego rwa oxyde yumukara yoroheje, kandi urugero rwa santimetero imwe rufite urugero rwa praseodymium rwangirika rwose mugihe cyumwaka umwe.
Kimwe na benshiibintu bidasanzwe by'isi, praseodymium birashoboka cyane gukora leta ya + 3 okiside, niyo leta yonyine ihamye mubisubizo byamazi. Praseodymium ibaho muburyo bwa okiside ya + 4 mubintu bimwe bizwi cyane, kandi mugihe cyo gutandukanya matrix, irashobora kugera kuri leta ya okiside idasanzwe + 5 mubintu bya lanthanide.
Amazi yo mu mazi ya praseodymium ni chartreuse, kandi gukoresha inganda nyinshi za praseodymium zirimo ubushobozi bwayo bwo gushungura urumuri rwumuhondo mumasoko yumucyo.
Imiterere ya elegitoroniki
Ibyuka bya elegitoroniki:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Electron 59 za praseodymium zitunganijwe nka [Xe] 4f36s2. Mubyukuri, electroni zose uko ari eshanu zishobora gukoreshwa nka electron ya valence, ariko gukoresha electroni zose uko ari eshanu zisaba ibintu bikabije. Mubisanzwe, praseodymium isohora electroni eshatu cyangwa enye mubice byayo. Praseodymium nikintu cya mbere cya lanthanide hamwe nibikoresho bya elegitoronike bihuye nihame rya Aufbau. Orbital yayo ya 4f ifite ingufu nkeya kurenza 5d orbital, ntabwo ikoreshwa kuri lanthanum na cerium, kuko kugabanuka gutunguranye kwa 4f orbital ntigaragara kugeza nyuma ya lanthanum kandi ntibihagije kugirango wirinde gufata igikonoshwa cya 5d muri cerium. Nubwo bimeze bityo, praseodymium ikomeye yerekana iboneza rya [Xe] 4f25d16s2, aho electron imwe mugikonoshwa cya 5d isa nibindi bintu byose bigereranywa na lanthanide (usibye europium na ytterbium, bihwanye na reta zicyuma).
Kimwe nibintu byinshi bya lanthanide, praseodymium mubusanzwe ikoresha electroni eshatu gusa nka valence electron, naho 4f electroni isigaye igira ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza: ibi biterwa nuko orbit ya 4f inyura muri inert xenon yibanze ya electron kugirango igere kuri nucleus, ikurikirwa na 5d na 6s , kandi ikiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwamafaranga ya ionic. Nyamara, praseodymium irashobora gukomeza gutakaza electron ya kane ndetse rimwe na rimwe rimwe na rimwe, kubera ko igaragara hakiri kare cyane muri sisitemu ya lanthanide, aho ingufu za kirimbuzi zikiri nkeya bihagije, kandi ingufu za 4f subhell ni nyinshi bihagije kugirango yemererwe gukuraho ibikoresho byinshi bya electron.
Praseodymium nibintu byose bya lanthanide (usibyelanthanum, ytterbiumnalutetium, nta electroni 4f idakorewe) ni paramagnetism mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Bitandukanye nibindi byuma bidasanzwe byisi byerekana antifirromagnetic cyangwa ferromagnetic itondekanya kubushyuhe buke, praseodymium ni paramagnetism mubushyuhe bwose buri hejuru ya 1K
Ikoreshwa rya Praseodymium
Praseodymium ikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwivanze nubutaka budasanzwe, nkibintu bisukura kandi bihindura ibikoresho byibyuma, catalizike yimiti, ubutaka budasanzwe bwubuhinzi, nibindi.Praseodymium neodymiumni byinshi bisa kandi bigoye gutandukanya ibice byubutaka budasanzwe, bigoye gutandukanya nuburyo bwimiti. Umusaruro winganda mubisanzwe ukoresha uburyo bwo kuvoma no guhana ion. Niba zikoreshwa muburyo bubiri bwa praseodymium neodymium ikungahaye, ibyo bahuriyemo birashobora gukoreshwa byuzuye, kandi igiciro nacyo gihendutse kuruta ibicuruzwa bimwe.
Praseodymium neodymium(praseodymium neodymium icyuma)yahindutse ibicuruzwa byigenga, bishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho hamwe ninyongera yo guhindura ibyuma bitarimo ferrous. Igikorwa, guhitamo no gutuza kwa peteroli yameneka irashobora kunozwa hiyongereyeho praseodymium neodymium yibanda muri Y zeolite ya molekile. Ninyongera ya plastike yo guhindura, wongeyeho praseodymium neodymium ikungahaye kuri polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) irashobora kunoza cyane imyambarire ya PTFE.
Ntibisanzweibikoresho bya magnet bihoraho nibisanzwe bizwi cyane kubutaka budasanzwe muri iki gihe. Praseodymium yonyine ntabwo igaragara nkibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, ariko nikintu cyiza cyo guhuza imbaraga gishobora kunoza imiterere ya magneti. Ongeraho urugero rukwiye rwa praseodymium birashobora kunoza neza imikorere yibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho. Irashobora kandi kunoza imikorere ya antioxydeant (kurwanya ikirere cyangirika) hamwe nubukanishi bwa magneti, kandi yakoreshejwe cyane mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki na moteri zitandukanye.
Praseodymium irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugusya no gusya ibikoresho. Nkuko twese tubizi, ifu ya cerium ishingiye kumashanyarazi isanzwe ni umuhondo wijimye, nigikoresho cyiza cyogeza ikirahure cya optique, kandi cyasimbuye ifu yumutuku wa oxyde itukura ifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhumanya kandi ihumanya ibidukikije. Abantu basanze praseodymium ifite ibyiza byo gusya. Ifu idakunze kuboneka ifu irimo praseodymium izagaragara nkumuhondo utukura, uzwi kandi nka "ifu itukura", ariko iri bara ritukura ntabwo ari okiside yicyuma gitukura, ariko kubera ko habaho okiside ya praseodymium, ibara ryifu yubutaka budasanzwe ihinduka umwijima. Praseodymium nayo yakoreshejwe nkibikoresho bishya byo gusya kugirango ikore corundum yo gusya ibiziga birimo praseodymium. Ugereranije na alumina yera, gukora neza no kuramba birashobora kunozwa hejuru ya 30% mugihe usya ibyuma byubaka karubone, ibyuma bitagira umwanda, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibiciro, ibikoresho bikungahaye kuri praseodymium neodymium byakoreshwaga nkibikoresho fatizo kera, bityo izina praseodymium neodymium corundum risya uruziga.
Kirisiti ya silikatike ikozwe na ion ya praseodymium yakoreshejwe mu kugabanya umuvuduko ukabije wa metero magana ku isegonda.
Ongeramo okiside ya praseodymium muri silikatike ya zirconium izahinduka umuhondo werurutse kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nka pigment ceramic - umuhondo wa praseodymium. Umuhondo wa Praseodymium (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) ufatwa nk'ibara ryiza ry'umuhondo ceramic, riguma rihagaze neza kugeza kuri 1000 ℃ kandi rishobora gukoreshwa mugihe kimwe cyangwa gutwika.
Praseodymium nayo ikoreshwa nkibara ryikirahure, hamwe namabara akungahaye hamwe nisoko rikomeye. Praseodymium ibirahuri byicyatsi kibisi gifite amabara meza yicyatsi kibisi na scallion icyatsi kibisi gishobora kubyara, gishobora gukoreshwa mugutanga akayunguruzo kibisi ndetse no mubirahuri byubukorikori. Ongeramo oxyde ya praseodymium na cerium oxyde mubirahure birashobora gukoreshwa nka goggles yo gusudira. Praseodymium sulfide irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibara ryatsi rya plastiki.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Gicurasi-29-2023