Terbiumni mubyiciro biremereyeisi idasanzwe, hamwe nubwinshi buke mubutaka bwisi kuri 1.1 ppm gusa. Terbium oxyde iri munsi ya 0.01% yubutaka budasanzwe. Ndetse no mu bwoko bwa yttrium ion ubwoko buremereye bwamabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe hamwe nubutaka bwinshi bwa terbium, ibirimo terbium bingana na 1.1-1.2% byubutaka budasanzwe, byerekana ko biri mubyiciro "byiza" byibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka. Mu myaka irenga 100 kuva terbium ivumburwa mu 1843, ubuke bwayo nagaciro byabujije gukoreshwa mubikorwa igihe kirekire. Mu myaka 30 ishize niho terbium yerekanye impano idasanzwe。
Kuvumbura Amateka
Umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Suwede Carl Gustaf Mosander yavumbuye terbium mu 1843. Yasanze umwanda wacyoYttrium (III) oxydenaY2O3. Yttrium yitiriwe umudugudu wa Ytterby muri Suwede. Mbere yuko hagaragara tekinoroji yo guhanahana ion, terbium ntabwo yari yitaruye muburyo bwayo bwiza.
Mosant yabanje kugabanya okiside Yttrium (III) mo ibice bitatu, byose byitiriwe amabuye y'agaciro: oxyde Yttrium (III),Erbium (III) oxydena okiside ya terbium. Terbium oxyde yabanje kuba igizwe nigice cyijimye, bitewe nibintu bizwi nka erbium. "Erbium (III) oxyde" (harimo icyo twita terbium) mubyukuri igice cyingenzi kitagira ibara mubisubizo. Okiside idashobora gukomera yiki kintu ifatwa nkumukara.
Nyuma, abakozi ntibashoboraga kubona akantu gato kitagira ibara rya "Erbium (III) oxyde", ariko igice cyijimye cyijimye ntigishobora kwirengagizwa. Impaka zerekeye kubaho kwa okiside ya Erbium (III) zavutse inshuro nyinshi. Mu kajagari, izina ry'umwimerere ryarahinduwe kandi guhana amazina byarakomeje, bityo igice cy'iroza amaherezo kivugwa nk'igisubizo kirimo erbium (mu gisubizo, cyari gifite ibara ry'umuhondo). Ubu abantu bemeza ko abakozi bakoresha sodium bisulfate cyangwa Potasiyumu sulfate bafataCerium (IV) oxydehanze ya Yttrium (III) oxyde hanyuma utabishaka uhindure terbium mubutaka burimo cerium. Gusa hafi 1% ya okiside Yttrium yumwimerere (III), ubu izwi nka "terbium", irahagije kugirango uhindure ibara ry'umuhondo kuri Yttrium (III). Kubwibyo, terbium nigice cya kabiri cyabanje kuyirimo, kandi igenzurwa nabaturanyi bayo ba hafi, gadolinium na dysprosium.
Nyuma yaho, igihe cyose ibindi bintu bidasanzwe byisi byatandukanijwe nuruvange, hatitawe ku kigereranyo cya oxyde, izina rya terbium ryagumishijwe kugeza amaherezo, oxyde yumukara wa terbium yabonetse muburyo bwiza. Abashakashatsi bo mu kinyejana cya 19 ntibakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya ultraviolet fluorescence kugira ngo barebe ibara ry'umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi kibisi (III), bituma byoroha ko terbium imenyekana mu mvange ikomeye cyangwa ibisubizo.
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Ibikoresho bya Electron ya terbium ni [Xe] 6s24f9. Mubisanzwe, electron eshatu gusa nizo zishobora gukurwaho mbere yuko ingufu za kirimbuzi ziba nini cyane kuburyo zidashobora gukomeza ionisiyoneri, ariko kubijyanye na terbium, terbium yuzuye yuzuye ituma electron ya kane irushaho kuba ioni imbere ya okiside ikomeye cyane nka gaze ya fluor.
Terbium nicyuma cyera cyera kidasanzwe cyisi gifite guhindagurika, gukomera, nubwitonzi bushobora gutemwa nicyuma. Gushonga ingingo 1360 ℃, ingingo itetse 3123 ℃, ubucucike 8229 4kg / m3. Ugereranije na Lanthanide yo hambere, irahagaze neza mukirere. Nkikintu cyenda cya Lanthanide, terbium nicyuma gifite amashanyarazi akomeye. Ifata amazi kugirango ikore hydrogene.
Muri kamere, terbium ntabwo yigeze iboneka ko ari ibintu byubusa, umubare muto wabyo uri muri fosiforium thorium umucanga na Gadolinite. Terbium ibana nibindi bintu bidasanzwe byubutaka mu mucanga wa monazite, hamwe na terbium 0,03%. Andi masoko ni Xenotime hamwe na zahabu yumukara idasanzwe, byombi ni imvange ya oxyde kandi irimo terbium igera kuri 1%.
Gusaba
Ikoreshwa rya terbium ahanini ririmo urwego rwubuhanga buhanitse, arirwo buhanga bwibanda hamwe nubumenyi bushingiye ku bumenyi bugezweho, kimwe n’imishinga ifite inyungu zikomeye mu bukungu, hamwe n’iterambere ryiza.
Ibice byingenzi bisabwa birimo:
(1) Yakoreshejwe muburyo bwimvange yisi idasanzwe. Kurugero, ikoreshwa nkifumbire mvaruganda idasanzwe ifumbire hamwe ninyongeramusaruro kubuhinzi.
(2) Gukora ifu yicyatsi mumashanyarazi atatu yibanze ya fluorescent. Ibikoresho bigezweho bya optoelectronic bisaba gukoresha amabara atatu yibanze ya fosifore, aribyo umutuku, icyatsi, nubururu, bishobora gukoreshwa muguhuza amabara atandukanye. Kandi terbium nikintu cyingirakamaro mubice byinshi byujuje ubuziranenge bwa fluorescent.
(3) Ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika magneto. Amorphous icyuma cya terbium yinzibacyuho ibyuma byoroheje byakoreshejwe mugukora disiki ikora cyane ya magneto-optique.
(4) Gukora magneto optique ikirahure. Ikirahuri kizunguruka cya Faraday kirimo terbium nibikoresho byingenzi byo gukora rotateur, izigunga, hamwe nizunguruka mubuhanga bwa laser.
(5) Iterambere niterambere rya terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) yafunguye porogaramu nshya kuri terbium.
Ku buhinzi n'ubworozi
Ntibisanzwe isi terbium irashobora kuzamura ubwiza bwibihingwa no kongera umuvuduko wa fotosintezeza murwego runaka. Inzu ya Terbium ifite ibikorwa biologiya bihanitse. Ternary complexes ya terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, ifite ingaruka nziza za antibacterial na bactericidal kuri Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis na Escherichia coli. Bafite antibacterial spécran. Ubushakashatsi bwibigo nkibi butanga icyerekezo gishya cyubushakashatsi kumiti igezweho ya bagiteri.
Byakoreshejwe murwego rwa luminescence
Ibikoresho bigezweho bya optoelectronic bisaba gukoresha amabara atatu yibanze ya fosifore, aribyo umutuku, icyatsi, nubururu, bishobora gukoreshwa muguhuza amabara atandukanye. Kandi terbium nikintu cyingirakamaro mubice byinshi byujuje ubuziranenge bwa fluorescent. Niba ivuka ryibara ryisi ridasanzwe rya TV TV itukura ya fluorescent yatumije yttrium na europium, noneho gukoresha no guteza imbere terbium byatejwe imbere nisi idasanzwe ibara ryambere ryibara ryatsi rya fluorescent kumatara. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, Philips yahimbye itara rya mbere ry’ingufu zibika ingufu za fluorescent kandi ryihutisha kuzamura isi yose. Tb3 + ion irashobora gusohora urumuri rwatsi rufite uburebure bwa 545nm, kandi hafi yisi yose idasanzwe ya fosifori icyatsi kibisi ikoresha terbium nkigikorwa.
Fosifori yicyatsi kibisi ya TV cathode ray tube (CRT) yamye ishingiye kuri Zinc sulfide, ihendutse kandi ikora neza, ariko ifu ya terbium yamye ikoreshwa nka fosifori yicyatsi kibisi kuri TV yerekana amabara, harimo Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3 +, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3 + na LaOBr ∶ Tb3 +. Hamwe niterambere rya tereviziyo nini isobanura neza (HDTV), ifu yicyatsi kibisi ya fluorescent ya CRTs nayo iratezwa imbere. Kurugero, ifu yicyatsi kibisi ya fluorescent yatunganijwe mumahanga, igizwe na Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, na Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, zifite imikorere myiza ya luminescence kumurongo mwinshi.
Ifu gakondo ya X-ray fluorescent ni calcium tungstate. Mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980, hashyizweho fosifori yisi idasanzwe yo kongera ingufu za ecran, nka terbium ikora sulfure Lanthanum oxyde, terbium ikora bromine Lanthanum oxyde (kuri ecran yicyatsi), terbium ikora sulfure Yttrium (III), nibindi ugereranije na calcium tungstate, ifu idasanzwe ya fluorescent irashobora kugabanya igihe cyo kurasa X-ray kubarwayi 80%, kunoza imiterere ya firime X-ray, kwagura igihe cyo kubaho cya X-ray, no kugabanya gukoresha ingufu. Terbium ikoreshwa kandi nka porojeri ya fluorescent ya ecran ya ecran ya X-ray yongerera imbaraga, ishobora kunoza cyane ibyiyumvo byo guhindura X-ray mu mashusho ya optique, kunoza neza ama firime ya X-ray, no kugabanya cyane ibipimo byerekana X- imirasire kumubiri wumuntu (kurenza 50%).
Terbium ikoreshwa kandi nka activate muri fosifore yera ya LED ishimishwa numucyo wubururu kumurika rya semiconductor nshya. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora terbium aluminium magneto optique ya kristu ya fosifori, ikoresheje urumuri rwubururu rutanga diode nkisoko yumucyo ushimishije, kandi fluorescence yabyaye ivangwa numucyo ushimishije kugirango itange urumuri rwera rwera.
Ibikoresho bya electroluminescent bikozwe muri terbium ahanini birimo Zinc sulfide icyatsi kibisi fosifori hamwe na terbium nkibikorwa. Imirasire ya ultraviolet, ibinyabuzima bya terbium birashobora gusohora fluorescence ikomeye kandi birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya firime yoroheje. Nubwo hari intambwe igaragara imaze guterwa mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku isi idasanzwe ya elegitoroniki yoroheje ya electroluminescent yoroheje, haracyariho itandukaniro rinini rifatika, kandi ubushakashatsi ku isi idasanzwe ya organic organic electroluminescent firime yoroheje n'ibikoresho biracyari byimbitse.
Ibiranga fluorescence iranga terbium nayo ikoreshwa nka probe ya fluorescence. Kurugero, Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3 +) fluorescence probe yakoreshejwe mukwiga imikoranire iri hagati ya Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3 +) hamwe na ADN (ADN) ikoresheje fluorescence spécran na spécoritifike, byerekana ko Ofloxacin Tb3 + iperereza ishobora gukora igikoni gihuza molekile ya ADN, na ADN irashobora kuzamura cyane fluorescence ya sisitemu ya Ofloxacin Tb3 +. Ukurikije iri hinduka, ADN irashobora kugenwa.
Kubikoresho bya magneto
Ibikoresho bifite ingaruka za Faraday, bizwi kandi nka magneto-optique ibikoresho, bikoreshwa cyane muri laseri nibindi bikoresho bya optique. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwibikoresho bya magneto optique: magneto optique kristal hamwe nikirahure cya optique. Muri byo, magnetiki-optique ya kristu (nka Yttrium fer garnet na terbium gallium garnet) ifite ibyiza byo guhinduranya inshuro nyinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro, ariko birahenze kandi biragoye kubikora. Mubyongeyeho, magneto-optique kristal nyinshi hamwe na Faraday yo kuzenguruka cyane ifite kwinjiza cyane mumurongo mugufi, bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo. Ugereranije na magneto optique ya kristu, ikirahuri cya magneto optique gifite ibyiza byo kohereza cyane kandi byoroshye gukorwa mubice binini cyangwa fibre. Kugeza ubu, ibirahuri bya magneto-optique bifite ingaruka nziza za Faraday ni gake cyane isi idasanzwe.
Byakoreshejwe mububiko bwa magneto optique
Mu myaka yashize, hamwe niterambere ryihuse rya multimediya na automatike yo mu biro, icyifuzo cya disiki nshya zifite imbaraga zo hejuru za magnetiki cyiyongereye. Amorphous icyuma cya terbium yinzibacyuho ya firime yakoreshejwe mugukora disiki ikora cyane ya magneto-optique. Muri byo, TbFeCo alloy thin film ifite imikorere myiza. Ibikoresho bya Terbium bishingiye kuri magneto-optique byakozwe ku rugero runini, kandi disiki ya magneto-optique ikozwe muri yo ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kubika mudasobwa, hamwe n'ububiko bwiyongereyeho inshuro 10-15. Bafite ibyiza byubushobozi bunini kandi bwihuta bwo kugera, kandi birashobora guhanagurwa no gutwikirwa inshuro ibihumbi icumi iyo bikoreshejwe kuri disiki ya optique yuzuye. Nibikoresho byingenzi muburyo bwa tekinoroji yo kubika amakuru. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane muri magneto-optique mubigaragara kandi hafi ya-infrarafarike ni Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) kristu imwe, nicyo kintu cyiza cya magneto-optique yo gukora rotate ya Faraday hamwe na wenyine.
Kubirahuri bya magneto
Faraday magneto optique yikirahure ifite umucyo mwiza na isotropy mubice bigaragara kandi bitagaragara, kandi birashobora gukora imiterere itandukanye. Biroroshye kubyara ibicuruzwa binini kandi birashobora gukururwa muri fibre optique. Kubwibyo, ifite ibyifuzo byagutse mubikoresho bya magneto optique nka magneto optique izigunga, magneto optique modulator, hamwe na sensor ya fibre optique. Bitewe numwanya munini wa magnetique hamwe na coeffisente ntoya yo kwinjiza muburyo bugaragara kandi butagaragara, Tb3 + ion zagiye zikoreshwa cyane mubutaka budasanzwe mubirahuri bya magneto optique.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, hamwe n’impinduramatwara y’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ku isi, isi nshya idasanzwe Ibikoresho bikoreshwa bigenda bigaragara vuba. Mu 1984, kaminuza ya Leta ya Iowa yo muri Amerika, Laboratoire ya Ames yo muri Amerika ishinzwe ingufu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika hamwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ingabo z’Amerika Navy Surface Weapons (abakozi bakuru b’ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Amerika cyaje gushingwa (ET REMA) cyaturutse. hagati) bafatanyijemo isi nshya idasanzwe Ibikoresho byubwenge, aribyo terbium dysprosium fer nini ya magnetostrictive material. Ibi bikoresho bishya bya Smart bifite ibintu byiza biranga guhindura amashanyarazi amashanyarazi byihuse. Transducers yo mu mazi na electro-acoustic ikozwe muri ibi bikoresho binini bya magnetostrictive byashyizwe mubikorwa neza mubikoresho byo mu mazi, abavuga neza amavuta, sisitemu yo kugenzura urusaku no kunyeganyega, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwo mu nyanja hamwe na sisitemu yo gutumanaho munsi. Kubwibyo rero, ibikoresho bya magnetostrictive ya terbium dysprosium ikimara kuvuka, byitabiriwe cyane n’ibihugu byateye imbere ku isi. Edge Technologies muri Amerika yatangiye gukora terbium dysprosium fer igihangange magnetostrictive ibikoresho mu 1989 maze ayita Terfenol D. Nyuma yaho, Suwede, Ubuyapani, Uburusiya, Ubwongereza, na Ositaraliya nabyo byateje imbere terbium dysprosium fer nini ya magnetostrictive ibikoresho.
Duhereye ku mateka y'iterambere ry'ibi bikoresho muri Amerika, haba havumbuwe ibikoresho ndetse no gukoresha monopoliste hakiri kare bifitanye isano itaziguye n'inganda za gisirikare (nka navy). Nubwo ishami ry’ingabo n’ingabo z’Ubushinwa rigenda rishimangira imyumvire yabo kuri ibi bikoresho. Icyakora, nyuma y’Ubushinwa Bw’igihugu Cy’igihugu Cyiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, ibisabwa mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo guhangana mu gisirikare mu kinyejana cya 21 no kuzamura urwego rw’ibikoresho byanze bikunze byihutirwa. Kubwibyo, gukoresha cyane terbium dysprosium ibyuma binini bya magnetostrictive ibikoresho bya minisiteri yingabo n’ingabo z’igihugu bizaba ngombwa mu mateka.
Muri make, ibintu byinshi byiza bya terbium bituma iba umunyamuryango wingenzi mubikoresho byinshi byakazi hamwe numwanya udasimburwa mubice bimwe byo gusaba. Nyamara, kubera igiciro kinini cya terbium, abantu bagiye biga uburyo bwo kwirinda no kugabanya ikoreshwa rya terbium kugirango bagabanye ibiciro byumusaruro. Kurugero, isi idasanzwe ya magneto-optique igomba kandi gukoresha diyosezi ya dysprosium yicyuma cobalt cyangwa gadolinium terbium cobalt bishoboka; Gerageza kugabanya ibirimo terbium muri poro yicyatsi kibisi igomba gukoreshwa. Igiciro cyabaye ikintu cyingenzi kibuza ikoreshwa rya terbium. Ariko ibikoresho byinshi bikora ntibishobora kubikora bitabaye ibyo, tugomba rero gukurikiza ihame ryo "gukoresha ibyuma byiza kumupanga" kandi tugerageza gukiza ikoreshwa rya terbium bishoboka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jul-05-2023