Terbiumni mubyiciro byubutaka budasanzwe, hamwe nubwinshi buke mubutaka bwisi kuri 1.1 ppm.Okiside ya Terbiumibarirwa munsi ya 0.01% yubutaka budasanzwe. Ndetse no muri yttrium yo hejuru yubwoko buremereye bwubutaka budasanzwe hamwe nibirimo byinshi bya terbium, ibirimo terbium bingana na 1.1-1.2% byuzuye.isi idasanzwe, byerekana ko ari mubyiciro bya "noble" yaisi idasanzweIbintu. Mu myaka irenga 100 kuva terbium ivumburwa mu 1843, ubuke bwayo nagaciro byabujije gukoreshwa mubikorwa igihe kirekire. Mu myaka 30 ishize ni bwoterbiumyerekanye impano idasanzwe.
Kuvumbura Amateka
Umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Suwede Carl Gustaf Mosander yavumbuye terbium mu 1843. Yavumbuye umwanda wacyoYttriumnaY2O3. Yttriumyitiriwe umudugudu wa Itby muri Suwede. Mbere yuko hagaragara tekinoroji yo guhanahana ion, terbium ntabwo yari yitaruye muburyo bwayo bwiza.
Mossander yabanje gutandukanaYttriummu bice bitatu, byose byitiriwe amabuye y'agaciro:Yttrium, erbium oxyde, naokiside. Okiside ya Terbiummbere yari igizwe nigice cyijimye, bitewe nibintu bizwi nkaerbium. Okiside Erbium(harimo nibyo twita terbium) mubyukuri byari igice kitagira ibara mugisubizo. Okiside idashobora gukomera yiki kintu ifatwa nkumukara.
Nyuma, abakozi basanze bigoye kubona utuntu duto tutagira ibara “erbium oxyde“, Ariko igice cyijimye cyijimye ntigishobora kwirengagizwa. Impaka zerekeye kubahoerbium oxydebyagaragaye inshuro nyinshi. Mu kajagari, izina ry'umwimerere ryarahinduwe kandi guhana amazina byarakomeje, bityo igice cy'iroza amaherezo kivugwa nk'igisubizo kirimo erbium (mu gisubizo, cyari gifite ibara ry'umuhondo). Ubu abantu bemeza ko abakozi bakoresha sodium disulfide cyangwa potasiyumu sulfate kugirango bakuremo dioxyde de ceriumYttriumhindukira utabishakaterbiummuri cerium irimo imvura. Kugeza ubu bizwi nka 'terbium', hafi 1% gusa yumwimerereYttriumirahari, ariko ibi birahagije kohereza ibara ry'umuhondo ryoroheje kuriYttrium. Kubwibyo,terbiumni igice cya kabiri cyabanje kubirimo, kandi kiyobowe nabaturanyi ba hafi,gadoliniumnadysprosium.
Nyuma, igihe cyose ikindiisi idasanzweibintu byatandukanijwe nuruvange, hatitawe ku kigereranyo cya oxyde, izina rya terbium ryagumishijwe kugeza amaherezo, oxyde yumukara yaterbiumyabonetse muburyo bwiza. Abashakashatsi bo mu kinyejana cya 19 ntibakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya ultraviolet fluorescence kugira ngo barebe ibara ry'umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi kibisi (III), bituma byoroha ko terbium imenyekana mu mvange ikomeye cyangwa ibisubizo.
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
Imiterere ya elegitoroniki:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Gahunda ya elegitoronike yaterbiumni [Xe] 6s24f9. Mubisanzwe, electron eshatu gusa nizo zishobora gukurwaho mbere yuko ingufu za kirimbuzi ziba nini cyane kuburyo zidashobora kuba ion. Ariko, kubijyanye naterbium, igice cyuzuyeterbiumyemerera gukomeza ionisation ya electron ya kane imbere ya okiside ikomeye cyane nka gaze ya fluor.
Icyuma
Terbiumni ifeza yera yera idasanzwe yisi ifite guhindagurika, gukomera, nubwitonzi bushobora gukatwa nicyuma. Gushonga ingingo 1360 ℃, ingingo itetse 3123 ℃, ubucucike 8229 4kg / m3. Ugereranije nibintu bya lanthanide kare, birahagaze neza mukirere. Ikintu cyenda cyibintu bya lanthanide, terbium, nicyuma cyuzuye cyane gifata amazi kugirango kibe gaze ya hydrogen.
Muri kamere,terbiumntabwo yigeze iboneka nkibintu byubusa, biboneka muke muri fosifori cerium thorium umucanga na silicon beryllium yttrium ore.Terbiumibana nibindi bintu bidasanzwe byisi mumucanga wa monazite, hamwe na terbium 0,03%. Andi masoko arimo yttrium fosifate na zahabu idasanzwe yisi, byombi ni imvange ya oxyde irimo terbium igera kuri 1%.
Gusaba
Porogaramu yaterbiumahanini birimo tekinoroji yubuhanga buhanitse, aribwo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga nubumenyi bushingiye ku bumenyi bugezweho, kimwe n’imishinga ifite inyungu zikomeye mu bukungu, hamwe n’iterambere ryiza.
Ibice byingenzi bisabwa birimo:
(1) Yakoreshejwe muburyo bwimvange yisi idasanzwe. Kurugero, ikoreshwa nkifumbire mvaruganda idasanzwe ifumbire hamwe ninyongeramusaruro kubuhinzi.
(2) Gukora ifu yicyatsi mumashanyarazi atatu yibanze ya fluorescent. Ibikoresho bigezweho bya optoelectronic bisaba gukoresha amabara atatu yibanze ya fosifore, aribyo umutuku, icyatsi, nubururu, bishobora gukoreshwa muguhuza amabara atandukanye. Kanditerbiumni ikintu cy'ingenzi muri byinshi byujuje ubuziranenge bwa fluorescent.
(3) Ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika magneto. Amorphous metal terbium inzibacyuho ibyuma bya alloy yoroheje yakoreshejwe mugukora disiki ya magneto ikora neza.
(4) Gukora magneto optique ikirahure. Ikirahuri kizunguruka cya Faraday kirimo terbium nibikoresho byingenzi byo gukora rotateur, izigunga, hamwe nizunguruka mubuhanga bwa laser.
(5) Iterambere niterambere rya terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) yafunguye porogaramu nshya kuri terbium.
Ku buhinzi n'ubworozi
Ntibisanzweterbiumirashobora kuzamura ubwiza bwibihingwa no kongera igipimo cya fotosintezeza murwego runaka. Ibigo bya terbium bifite ibikorwa biologiya bihanitse, hamwe na ternary complexes yaterbium, Tb. Ubushakashatsi bwibi bigo butanga icyerekezo gishya cyubushakashatsi kumiti igezweho ya bagiteri.
Byakoreshejwe murwego rwa luminescence
Ibikoresho bigezweho bya optoelectronic bisaba gukoresha amabara atatu yibanze ya fosifore, aribyo umutuku, icyatsi, nubururu, bishobora gukoreshwa muguhuza amabara atandukanye. Kandi terbium nikintu cyingirakamaro mubice byinshi byujuje ubuziranenge bwa fluorescent. Niba kuvuka kwisi idasanzwe ibara rya TV TV itukura ya fluorescent yazamuye ibyifuzoyttriumnaeuropium, hanyuma gukoresha no guteza imbere terbium byatejwe imbere nisi idasanzwe ibara ryibanze ryibara ryatsi rya fluorescent kumatara. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, Philips yahimbye itara rya mbere ry’ingufu zibika ingufu za fluorescent kandi ryihutisha kuzamura isi yose. Tb3 + ion irashobora gusohora urumuri rwicyatsi rufite uburebure bwa 545nm, kandi hafi yisi yose idasanzwe ifu ya fluorescent ifu ikoreshaterbium, nkumukangurambaga.
Ifu yicyatsi kibisi ikoreshwa mumabara ya TV cathode ray tubes (CRTs) yamye ishingiye cyane cyane kuri sulfide ya zinc ihendutse kandi ikora neza, ariko ifu ya terbium yamye ikoreshwa nka projection yamabara ya TV icyatsi kibisi, nka Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, na LaOBr: Tb3 +. Hamwe niterambere rya tereviziyo nini isobanura neza (HDTV), ifu yicyatsi kibisi ya fluorescent ya CRTs nayo iratezwa imbere. Kurugero, ifu yicyatsi kibisi ya fluorescent yatunganijwe mumahanga, igizwe na Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, na Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, zifite imikorere myiza ya luminescence kumurongo mwinshi.
Ifu gakondo ya X-ray fluorescent ni calcium tungstate. Mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980, ifu idasanzwe ya fluorescent yifu ya ecran ya sensibilisation yakozwe, nkaterbium, ikora ya lanthanum sulfide oxyde, terbium ikora lanthanum bromide oxyde (kuri ecran yicyatsi), na terbium ikora yttrium sulfide oxyde. Ugereranije na calcium tungstate, ifu idasanzwe ya fluorescent ifu irashobora kugabanya igihe cyo kurasa X-ray kubarwayi ku kigero cya 80%, kunoza imiterere ya firime ya X-ray, kongera igihe cyumuyoboro wa X-ray, no kugabanya gukoresha ingufu. Terbium ikoreshwa kandi nka porojeri ya fluorescent ya ecran ya ecran ya X-ray yongerera imbaraga, ishobora kunoza cyane ibyiyumvo byo guhindura X-ray mu mashusho ya optique, kunoza neza ama firime ya X-ray, no kugabanya cyane ibipimo byerekana X- imirasire kumubiri wumuntu (kurenza 50%).
Terbiumikoreshwa kandi nka activateur muri fosifori yera ya LED ishimishijwe numucyo wubururu kumurika rya semiconductor nshya. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora terbium aluminium magneto optique ya kristu ya fosifori, ukoresheje urumuri rwubururu rutanga diode nkisoko yumucyo ushimishije, kandi fluorescence yabyaye ivangwa numucyo ushimishije kugirango itange urumuri rwera rwera.
Ibikoresho bya electroluminescent bikozwe muri terbium birimo ifu ya zinc sulfide icyatsi cya fluorescent hamwe naterbiumnkumukangurambaga. Imirasire ya ultraviolet, ibinyabuzima bya terbium birashobora gusohora fluorescence ikomeye kandi birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya firime yoroheje. Nubwo hari intambwe igaragara imaze guterwa mubushakashatsi bwaisi idasanzweorganic complex electroluminescent firime yoroheje, haracyari icyuho runaka mubikorwa, kandi ubushakashatsi kubutaka budasanzwe organic organic complex electroluminescent firime yoroheje nibikoresho biracyari mubwimbitse.
Ibiranga fluorescence iranga terbium nayo ikoreshwa nka probe ya fluorescence. Imikoranire hagati ya terxiyumu ya tloxacin (Tb3 +) na aside deoxyribonucleic (ADN) yakozwe hifashishijwe florescence hamwe na spekitifike, nka fluorescence probe ya ofloxacin terbium (Tb3 +). Ibisubizo byerekanye ko ofloxacin Tb3 + probe ishobora gukora igikonjo gihuza molekile ya ADN, kandi aside deoxyribonucleic irashobora kuzamura cyane fluorescence ya sisitemu ya ofloxacin Tb3 +. Ukurikije iri hinduka, aside deoxyribonucleic irashobora kugenwa.
Kubikoresho bya magneto
Ibikoresho bifite ingaruka za Faraday, bizwi kandi nka magneto-optique ibikoresho, bikoreshwa cyane muri laseri nibindi bikoresho bya optique. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwibikoresho bya magneto optique: magneto optique kristal hamwe nikirahure cya optique. Muri byo, kristu ya magneto-optique (nka yttrium fer garnet na terbium gallium garnet) ifite ibyiza byo guhinduranya inshuro nyinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro, ariko birahenze kandi biragoye kubikora. Mubyongeyeho, magneto-optique ya kristu nyinshi hamwe na Faraday ndende yo kuzenguruka ifite kwinjiza cyane mumurongo mugufi, bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo. Ugereranije na magneto optique ya kristu, ikirahuri cya magneto optique gifite ibyiza byo kohereza cyane kandi byoroshye gukorwa mubice binini cyangwa fibre. Kugeza ubu, ibirahuri bya magneto-optique bifite ingaruka nziza za Faraday ni gake cyane isi idasanzwe.
Byakoreshejwe mububiko bwa magneto optique
Mu myaka yashize, hamwe niterambere ryihuse rya multimediya na automatike yo mu biro, icyifuzo cya disiki nshya zifite imbaraga zo hejuru za magnetiki cyiyongereye. Amorphous metal terbium inzibacyuho ibyuma bya alloy yoroheje yakoreshejwe mugukora disiki ya magneto ikora neza. Muri byo, TbFeCo alloy thin film ifite imikorere myiza. Ibikoresho bya Terbium bishingiye kuri magneto-optique byakozwe ku rugero runini, kandi disiki ya magneto-optique ikozwe muri yo ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kubika mudasobwa, hamwe n'ububiko bwiyongereyeho inshuro 10-15. Bafite ibyiza byubushobozi bunini kandi bwihuta bwo kugera, kandi birashobora guhanagurwa no gutwikirwa inshuro ibihumbi icumi iyo bikoreshejwe kuri disiki ya optique yuzuye. Nibikoresho byingenzi muburyo bwa tekinoroji yo kubika amakuru. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane muri magneto-optique mubigaragara kandi hafi ya-infrarafarike ni Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) kristu imwe, nicyo kintu cyiza cya magneto-optique yo gukora rotate ya Faraday hamwe na wenyine.
Kubirahuri bya magneto
Faraday magneto optique yikirahure ifite umucyo mwiza na isotropy mubice bigaragara kandi bitagaragara, kandi birashobora gukora imiterere itandukanye. Biroroshye kubyara ibicuruzwa binini kandi birashobora gukururwa muri fibre optique. Kubwibyo, ifite ibyifuzo byagutse mubikoresho bya magneto optique nka magneto optique izigunga, magneto optique modulator, hamwe na sensor ya fibre optique. Bitewe numwanya munini wa magnetique hamwe na coeffisente ntoya yo kwinjiza muburyo bugaragara kandi butagaragara, Tb3 + ion zagiye zikoreshwa cyane mubutaka budasanzwe mubirahuri bya magneto optique.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, hamwe no gukomeza kwiyongera kw'impinduramatwara ku isi, ibikoresho bishya bidasanzwe byo gukoresha isi byagaragaye vuba. Mu 1984, kaminuza ya Leta ya Iowa, Laboratoire ya Ames y’ishami ry’ingufu muri Amerika, hamwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ingabo za Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika zirwanira mu mazi (aho abakozi bakuru b’ikigo cya Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) cyaje gushingwa) bafatanyijemo guteza imbere ibintu bidasanzwe isi ifite ubwenge bwubwenge, aribwo terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material. Ibi bikoresho byubwenge bifite ibimenyetso byiza biranga guhindura ingufu zamashanyarazi vuba mumashanyarazi. Transducers yo mu mazi na electro-acoustic ikozwe muri ibi bikoresho binini bya magnetostrictive byashyizwe mubikorwa neza mubikoresho byo mu mazi, abavuga neza amavuta, sisitemu yo kugenzura urusaku no kunyeganyega, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwo mu nyanja hamwe na sisitemu yo gutumanaho munsi. Kubwibyo rero, ibikoresho bya magnetostrictive ya terbium dysprosium ikimara kuvuka, byitabiriwe cyane n’ibihugu byateye imbere ku isi. Edge Technologies muri Amerika yatangiye gukora terbium dysprosium fer igihangange magnetostrictive ibikoresho mu 1989 maze ayita Terfenol D. Nyuma yaho, Suwede, Ubuyapani, Uburusiya, Ubwongereza, na Ositaraliya nabyo byateje imbere terbium dysprosium fer nini ya magnetostrictive ibikoresho.
Duhereye ku mateka y'iterambere ry'ibi bikoresho muri Amerika, haba havumbuwe ibikoresho ndetse no gukoresha monopoliste hakiri kare bifitanye isano itaziguye n'inganda za gisirikare (nka navy). Nubwo ishami ry’ingabo n’ingabo z’Ubushinwa rigenda rishimangira imyumvire yabo kuri ibi bikoresho. Icyakora, hamwe n’iterambere ry’imbaraga z’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa, icyifuzo cyo kugera ku ngamba zo guhangana n’igisirikare mu kinyejana cya 21 no kuzamura urwego rw’ibikoresho byanze bikunze byihutirwa. Kubwibyo, gukoresha cyane terbium dysprosium ibyuma binini bya magnetostrictive ibikoresho bya minisiteri yingabo n’ingabo z’igihugu bizaba ngombwa mu mateka.
Muri make, ibintu byinshi byiza byaterbiumubigire umunyamuryango wingenzi mubikoresho byinshi bikora hamwe numwanya udasimburwa mubice bimwe byo gusaba. Nyamara, kubera igiciro kinini cya terbium, abantu bagiye biga uburyo bwo kwirinda no kugabanya ikoreshwa rya terbium kugirango bagabanye ibiciro byumusaruro. Kurugero, ibikoresho bidasanzwe isi magneto-optique nayo igomba gukoresha igiciro gitoicyuma cya dysprosiumcobalt cyangwa gadolinium terbium cobalt bishoboka; Gerageza kugabanya ibirimo terbium muri poro yicyatsi kibisi igomba gukoreshwa. Igiciro cyabaye ikintu cyingenzi kibuza ikoreshwa ryinshiterbium. Ariko ibikoresho byinshi bikora ntibishobora kubikora bitabaye ibyo, tugomba rero gukurikiza ihame ryo "gukoresha ibyuma byiza kumupanga" kandi tugerageza gukiza ikoreshwa ryaterbiumbishoboka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-25-2023