Umubare wa atome wathulium elementni 69 naho uburemere bwa atome ni 168.93421. Ibiri mubutaka bwisi ni bibiri bya gatatu bya 100000, nikintu gito cyane mubintu bidasanzwe byisi. Bibaho cyane cyane muri silico beryllium yttrium, ubutare bwumukara budasanzwe ubutare bwa zahabu, fosifore yttrium ubutare, na monazite. Igice kinini cyibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka muri monazite muri rusange bigera kuri 50%, hamwe na thulium ihwanye na 0.007%. Isotope isanzwe ihamye ni thulium 169. Ikoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi yimbaraga nyinshi zitanga urumuri, lazeri, amashanyarazi arenze urugero, hamwe nizindi nzego.
Kuvumbura Amateka
Byavumbuwe na: PT Cleve
Yavumbuwe mu 1878
Mossander amaze gutandukanya isi ya erbium nubutaka bwa terbium nisi ya yttrium mu 1842, abahanga mu bya shimi benshi bakoresheje isesengura ryerekanwa kugirango bamenye kandi bamenye ko atari okiside yuzuye yibintu, byashishikarizaga abahanga mu bya shimi gukomeza kubatandukanya. Nyuma yo gutandukanaytterbium oxydenaokisidena okiside ya okiside, Cliff yatandukanije oxyde ebyiri zibanze mu 1879. Umwe muribo yitwaga thulium kugirango yibuke igihugu cya Cliff mu gace ka Scandinaviya (Thulia), hamwe nikimenyetso cya Tu na Tm. Hamwe no kuvumbura thulium nibindi bintu bidasanzwe byubutaka, ikindi gice cya gatatu cyicyiciro cya gatatu cyibintu bidasanzwe byavumbuwe byarangiye.
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13
Thuliumni icyuma cyera cya feza gifite ihindagurika kandi gishobora gucibwa ukoresheje icyuma bitewe nuburyo bworoshye; Gushonga 1545 ° C, ingingo itetse 1947 ° C, ubucucike 9.3208.
Thulium ihagaze neza mu kirere;Thulium oxydeni icyatsi kibisi. Umunyu (umunyu uhwanye) oxyde zose nicyatsi kibisi.
Gusaba
Nubwo thulium idasanzwe kandi ihenze, iracyafite porogaramu zimwe murwego rwihariye.
Imbaraga nyinshi zisohora urumuri
Thulium ikunze kwinjizwa mumasoko yumucyo mwinshi muburyo bwa halide isukuye cyane (ubusanzwe thulium bromide), hagamijwe gukoresha sprifike ya thulium.
Laser
Garnet eshatu ya yttrium ya aluminium (Ho: Cr: Tm: YAG) laser-reta ikomeye ya pulse laser irashobora kubyazwa umusaruro ukoresheje thulium ion, chromium ion, na holmium ion muri yttrium aluminium garnet, ishobora gusohora uburebure bwa 2097 nm; Ikoreshwa cyane mubisirikare, ubuvuzi, nubumenyi bwikirere. Uburebure bwumurambararo wa lazeri yoherejwe na thulium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Tm: YAG) ikomeye-ya pulse laser iri hagati ya 1930 nm kugeza 2040 nm. Kwiyuhagira hejuru yinyama bifite akamaro kanini, kuko birashobora kubuza kwambika ikuzimu cyane mu kirere no mu mazi. Ibi bituma lazeri ya thulium ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mububiko bwibanze bwa laser. Lazeri ya Thulium ifite akamaro kanini mugukuraho ibice byinyama bitewe ningufu zayo nke nimbaraga zinjira, kandi irashobora kwishongora idateye ibikomere byimbitse. Ibi bituma lazeri ya thulium ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mububiko bwa laser
Thulium ikoresheje laser
Inkomoko ya X-ray
Nubwo igiciro cyinshi, ibikoresho X-ray byikuramo birimo thulium byatangiye gukoreshwa cyane nkisoko yimirasire mubitekerezo bya kirimbuzi. Inkomoko yimirasire ifite igihe cyumwaka umwe kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byo gusuzuma no kuvura amenyo, hamwe nibikoresho byo gutahura inenge kubikoresho bya mashini na elegitoronike bigoye kugera kubakozi. Inkomoko yimirasire ntisaba gukingira imirasire ikomeye - harakenewe umubare muto wicyuma. Ikoreshwa rya thulium 170 nkisoko yimirasire yo kuvura kanseri ya hafi iragenda ikwirakwira. Iyi isotope ifite kimwe cya kabiri cyubuzima bwiminsi 128.6 nimirongo itanu yangiza imyuka myinshi (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, na 84.253 volt kiloelectron). Thulium 170 nayo ni imwe muri enye zikoreshwa cyane mu mirasire y'inganda.
Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ibikoresho
Kimwe na yttrium, thulium nayo ikoreshwa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane. Thulium ifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha agaciro muri ferrite nkibikoresho bya ceramic magnetique ikoreshwa mubikoresho bya microwave. Bitewe nuburyo bwihariye, thulium irashobora gukoreshwa kumatara ya arc itara nka scandium, kandi urumuri rwatsi rutangwa namatara ya arc ukoresheje thulium ntiruzaba rutwikiriwe numurongo wohereza ibindi bintu. Bitewe nubushobozi bwayo bwo gusohora fluorescence yubururu munsi yimirasire ya ultraviolet, thulium nayo ikoreshwa nkimwe mu bimenyetso birwanya impimbano mu inoti ya euro. Florescence yubururu itangwa na calcium sulfate yongewemo na thulium ikoreshwa muri dosimetrie yumuntu kugiti cye.
Ibindi Porogaramu
Bitewe nuburyo bwihariye, thulium irashobora gukoreshwa mumatara ya arc itara nka scandium, kandi itara ryatsi ritangwa namatara ya arc ririmo thulium ntirizatwikirwa numurongo wohereza ibindi bintu.
Thulium isohora ubururu bwa fluorescence munsi yimirasire ya ultraviolet, bigatuma iba kimwe mubimenyetso birwanya impimbano mu inoti ya euro.
Euro munsi ya UV irrasiyoya, hamwe nibimenyetso birwanya anti-mpimbano bigaragara
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-25-2023