Ytterbium: atomike numero 70, uburemere bwa atome 173.04, izina ryibintu ryakomotse aho ryavumbuwe. Ibiri muri ytterbium mubutaka ni 0.000266%, cyane cyane biboneka muri fosifori na zahabu yumukara udasanzwe. Ibiri muri monazite ni 0,03%, kandi hariho isotopi 7 karemano
Yavumbuwe
Na: Marinak
Igihe: 1878
Aho uherereye: Ubusuwisi
Mu 1878, abahanga mu bya shimi bo mu Busuwisi Jean Charles na G Marignac bavumbuye ikintu gishya kidasanzwe ku isi muri “erbium”. Mu 1907, Ulban na Weils bagaragaje ko Marignac yatandukanije imvange ya lutetium oxyde na ytterbium oxyde. Kwibuka umudugudu muto witwa Yteerby hafi ya Stockholm, ahavumbuwe ubutare bwa yttrium, iki kintu gishya cyiswe Ytterbium gifite ikimenyetso Yb.
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Icyuma
Metallic ytterbium ni feza yijimye, ihindagurika, kandi ifite imyenda yoroshye. Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, ytterbium irashobora guhinduka buhoro buhoro umwuka namazi.
Hariho ibintu bibiri bya kristu: α- Ubwoko ni isura igizwe na sisitemu ya cubic sisitemu (ubushyuhe bwicyumba -798 ℃); β- Ubwoko ni umubiri ushingiye kubic (hejuru ya 798 ℃). Gushonga ingingo 824 ℃, ingingo itetse 1427 ℃, ubucucike bugereranije 6.977 （α- Ubwoko), 6.54 （β- Ubwoko).
Kudashonga mumazi akonje, gushonga muri acide na ammonia y'amazi. Irahagaze neza mu kirere. Kimwe na samarium na europium, ytterbium ni iy'imihindagurikire ya valence isi idasanzwe, kandi irashobora no kuba muburyo bwiza butandukanye usibye kuba bisanzwe.
Bitewe niyi valence ihindagurika iranga, gutegura metero ytterbium ntigomba gukorwa na electrolysis, ahubwo nukugabanya uburyo bwo kugabanya uburyo bwo gutegura no kwezwa. Mubisanzwe, icyuma cya lanthanum gikoreshwa nkigikoresho cyo kugabanya kugabanuka, ukoresheje itandukaniro riri hagati yumuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga mwinshi wa ytterbium nicyuka gike cyumuyaga wa lanthanum. Ubundi,thulium, ytterbium, nalutetiumintumbero irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo, naLanthanumirashobora gukoreshwa nkumukozi ugabanya. Mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa vacuum ya> 1100 ℃ na <0.133Pa, ytterbium yicyuma irashobora gukururwa muburyo bwo kugabanya kugabanuka. Kimwe na samarium na europium, ytterbium nayo irashobora gutandukana no kwezwa binyuze mukugabanya amazi. Mubisanzwe, thulium, ytterbium, na lutetium yibikoresho bikoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo. Nyuma yo guseswa, ytterbium igabanuka kumiterere ihwanye, itera itandukaniro rikomeye mumitungo, hanyuma igatandukana nubundi butaka budasanzwe bwisi. Umusaruro wo kwera cyaneytterbium oxydeUbusanzwe bikorwa no gukuramo chromatografiya cyangwa uburyo bwo guhana ion。
Gusaba
Ikoreshwa mugukora amavuta adasanzwe. Amavuta ya Ytterbium yakoreshejwe mubuvuzi bw'amenyo kubushakashatsi bwa metallurgiki na chimique.
Mu myaka yashize, ytterbium yagaragaye kandi itera imbere byihuse mubijyanye n'itumanaho rya fibre optique hamwe na tekinoroji ya laser.
Hamwe no kubaka no guteza imbere "amakuru yumuhanda", imiyoboro ya mudasobwa hamwe na sisitemu ndende ya optique yohereza fibre fibre igenda isabwa cyane kugirango imikorere yibikoresho bya fibre optique ikoreshwa mu itumanaho rya optique. Ytterbium ion, bitewe nubwiza buhebuje, irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byongera fibre yo gutumanaho neza, nka erbium na thulium. Nubwo isi idasanzwe ya erbium iracyafite uruhare runini mugutegura ibyuma byongera fibre, fibre gakondo ya erbium-dope ya quartz fibre ifite inyungu nkeya (30nm), bigatuma bigorana kubahiriza ibisabwa byihuta kandi byihuse. Yb3 + ion zifite igice kinini cyo kwinjiza igice kinini kuruta Er3 + ion hafi 980nm. Binyuze mu gukangurira Yb3 + no guhererekanya ingufu za erbium na ytterbium, urumuri rwa 1530nm rushobora kuzamurwa cyane, bityo bikazamura cyane imikorere y’umucyo.
Mu myaka yashize, erbium ytterbium co doped fosifate ikirahure yagiye itoneshwa nabashakashatsi. Ibirahuri bya fosifate na fluorophosphate bifite imiti ihamye ya chimique nubushyuhe, hamwe nogukwirakwiza kwinshi kwa infragre hamwe nini nini yo kwaguka, bigatuma iba ibikoresho byiza byumuyoboro mugari hamwe ninyungu nyinshi za erbium-dope amplification fibre. Yb3 + yongerewe imbaraga za fibre fibre irashobora kugera ku kongera ingufu no kongera ibimenyetso bito bito, bigatuma bikwiranye nimirima nka sensor ya fibre optique, itumanaho ryubusa rya laser, hamwe na ultra short pulse amplification. Muri iki gihe Ubushinwa bwubatsemo imiyoboro minini nini ku isi hamwe na sisitemu yo kohereza ibintu byihuse, kandi ifite umuhanda munini w'amakuru ku isi. Ytterbium ikoporora hamwe nubundi isi idasanzwe idasanzwe ya fibre amplifier hamwe nibikoresho bya laser bigira uruhare runini kandi runini muri byo.
Ibiranga ibintu bya ytterbium nabyo bikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bya laser, haba nka kirisiti ya laser, ibirahuri bya laser, na fibre fibre. Nkibikoresho bikomeye bya laser, ytterbium doped laser kristal yakoze urukurikirane runini, harimo ytterbium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium ikoporora calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP) , ytterbium ikoporora strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium yapanze yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium ikoporora borate, na silikate. Semiconductor laser (LD) ni ubwoko bushya bwa pompe yinkomoko ya lazeri ikomeye. Yb: YAG ifite ibintu byinshi biranga ibikenewe byo kuvoma LD kandi byahindutse ibikoresho bya laser byo kuvoma LD. Yb: S-FAP kristaliste irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya lazeri yo guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi mugihe kizaza, cyashimishije abantu. Muri kristu ya laser ishobora guhinduka, hariho chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) hamwe nuburebure bwumuraba uri hagati ya 2.84 na 3.05 μ Gukomeza guhinduka hagati ya m. Dukurikije imibare, ibyinshi mu bitambara bitagira ingano bikoreshwa muri misile ku isi bikoresha 3-5 μ Kubera iyo mpamvu, iterambere rya las, Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG rishobora gutanga uruhare rukomeye mu guhangana n’intwaro zo hagati zidafite ingufu, kandi bifite akamaro gakomeye mu gisirikare. Ubushinwa bwageze ku ruhererekane rw'ibisubizo bishya hamwe n’urwego mpuzamahanga rwateye imbere mu rwego rwa ytterbium doped laser kristal (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, nibindi), ikemura ikoranabuhanga ryingenzi nko gukura kwa kirisiti na laser byihuse, pulse, bikomeza, kandi bishobora guhinduka. Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byakoreshejwe mu kurinda igihugu, inganda, n’ubuhanga mu bya siyansi, kandi ibicuruzwa bya ytterbium byifashishijwe byoherezwa mu mahanga byoherejwe mu bihugu byinshi n’uturere nka Amerika n'Ubuyapani.
Ikindi cyiciro cyingenzi cyibikoresho bya ytterbium ni laser ikirahure. Ibirahuri bitandukanye byangiza imyuka myinshi ya laser byakozwe, harimo germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, na fosifate. Bitewe nuburyo bworoshye bwo kubumba ibirahure, birashobora gukorwa mubunini kandi bikagira ibiranga nko kohereza urumuri rwinshi hamwe nuburinganire buke, bigatuma bishoboka kubyara lazeri nyinshi. Ikirahure kizwi cyane cya laser ikirahure cyahoze ari ikirahuri cya neodymium, gifite amateka yiterambere ryimyaka irenga 40 hamwe nubukorikori bukuze hamwe nubuhanga bukoreshwa. Buri gihe cyahoze ari ibikoresho byatoranijwe kubikoresho bikoresha ingufu za laser kandi byakoreshejwe mubikoresho byo kugerageza bya kirimbuzi hamwe nintwaro za laser. Ibikoresho bikomeye bya laser byubatswe mubushinwa, bigizwe nikirahure cya laser neodymium nkibikoresho nyamukuru bya laser, byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru kwisi. Ariko ikirahure cya laser neodymium ubu gihura nikibazo gikomeye kiva mubirahuri bya laser ytterbium.
Mu myaka yashize, umubare munini wubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ibintu byinshi byikirahure cya laser ytterbium birenze ibyo birahuri bya neodymium. Bitewe nuko ytterbium doped luminescence ifite urwego rwingufu ebyiri gusa, kubika ingufu ni byinshi. Ku nyungu imwe, ikirahuri cya ytterbium gifite ingufu zo kubika ingufu inshuro 16 kurenza ikirahuri cya neodymium, hamwe na fluorescence ubuzima bwikubye inshuro 3 ubw'ikirahuri cya neodymium. Ifite kandi ibyiza nko kwibanda cyane kuri doping, kwaguka kwinshi, kandi birashobora kuvomwa neza na semiconductor, bigatuma bikwiranye cyane na lazeri zifite ingufu nyinshi. Nyamara, gushyira mubikorwa ibirahuri bya ytterbium laser akenshi bishingiye kubufasha bwa neodymium, nko gukoresha Nd3 + nkumukangurambaga kugirango ikirahuri cya ytterbium ikora mubushyuhe bwicyumba kandi μ Laser isohoka kugerwaho m m. Noneho, ytterbium na neodymium ni abanywanyi nabafatanyabikorwa mu bijyanye nikirahure cya laser.
Muguhindura ibirahuri, ibintu byinshi bya luminescent ya ytterbium laser ikirahure birashobora kunozwa. Hamwe niterambere rya laseri zifite ingufu nyinshi nkicyerekezo nyamukuru, lazeri ikozwe mubirahuri bya ytterbium laser ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byubu, ubuhinzi, ubuvuzi, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, hamwe nibikorwa bya gisirikare.
Gukoresha igisirikare: Gukoresha ingufu zituruka ku guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi nk’ingufu zahoze ari intego ziteganijwe, kandi kugera ku guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi bizaba inzira y’ingenzi ku bantu kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo by’ingufu. Ikirahuri cya Ytterbium cyahinduwe kirahinduka ibikoresho byatoranijwe kugirango umuntu agere ku ntera yo kwifungisha (ICF) mu kinyejana cya 21 kubera imikorere myiza ya laser.
Intwaro za Laser zikoresha ingufu nini z'umuriro wa laser kugirango zite kandi zisenye intego, zitanga ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi ya miliyari kandi zitera mu buryo butaziguye umuvuduko w'urumuri. Bashobora kwitwa Nadana kandi bafite urupfu rwinshi, cyane cyane bikwiranye na sisitemu zintwaro za kijyambere zo mu kirere mu ntambara. Imikorere myiza ya ytterbium doped laser ikirahure cyayigize ibikoresho byingenzi byibanze byo gukora intwaro zikomeye kandi zikora cyane.
Fibre laser ni tekinoroji nshya itera imbere byihuse kandi nayo ni murwego rwo gukoresha ibirahuri bya laser. Fibre laser ni laser ikoresha fibre nkibikoresho bya laser, nigicuruzwa cyo guhuza fibre na tekinoroji ya laser. Nubuhanga bushya bwa laser bwakozwe hifashishijwe tekinoroji ya erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA). Fibre laser igizwe na semiconductor laser diode nkisoko ya pompe, fibre optique waveguide hamwe ninyungu ziciriritse, hamwe nibikoresho bya optique nko gusya fibre hamwe na coupler. Ntabwo bisaba guhinduranya imashini yuburyo bwiza, kandi uburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye guhuza. Ugereranije na gakondo ikomeye-ya lazeri hamwe na lazeri ya semiconductor, ifite ibyiza byikoranabuhanga nibikorwa nkubuziranenge bwibiti byo hejuru, ituze ryiza, kurwanya cyane ibidukikije, nta guhinduka, nta kubungabunga, hamwe nuburyo bworoshye. Bitewe nuko ion zapanze cyane cyane Nd + 3, Yb + 3, Er + 3, Tm + 3, Ho + 3, zose zikoresha fibre yisi idasanzwe nkinyungu zamakuru, laser fibre yakozwe na sosiyete irashobora kandi kwitwa isi idasanzwe ya fibre laser.
Porogaramu ya Laser: Imbaraga nyinshi ytterbium ikubye kabiri fibre fibre laser yabaye umurima ushyushye muburyo bukomeye bwa tekinoroji ya laser mu rwego mpuzamahanga mumyaka yashize. Ifite ibyiza byubwiza bwiza bwibiti, imiterere yoroheje, hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo guhindura, kandi ifite ibyifuzo byinshi mugutunganya inganda nizindi nzego. Kwambara fibre ebyiri ytterbium ikwiranye na fibre ikwiranye na pompe ya semiconductor, hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse hamwe nimbaraga nyinshi zisohoka, kandi nicyerekezo nyamukuru cyiterambere cya ytterbium dop fibre. Ubushinwa bwambaye imyenda ibiri ytterbium doped fibre fibre ntikiri ku rwego rwo hejuru rwibihugu byamahanga. Ytterbium yuzuye fibre, fibre ytterbium yambitswe kabiri, hamwe na erbium ytterbium co doped fibre yatejwe imbere mubushinwa igeze ku rwego rwo hejuru rwibicuruzwa bisa n’amahanga mu bijyanye n’imikorere no kwizerwa, bifite inyungu zihenze, kandi bifite tekinoroji y’ibanze yatanzwe ku bicuruzwa byinshi n'uburyo bwinshi .
Isosiyete izwi cyane yo mu Budage IPG laser yo mu Budage iherutse gutangaza ko sisitemu yabo ya ytterbium doped fibre laser ifite uburyo bwiza bwo kuranga urumuri, ubuzima bwa pompe bwamasaha arenga 50000, uburebure bw’imyuka yoherezwa hagati ya 1070nm-1080nm, nimbaraga zisohoka zigera kuri 20KW. Yashyizwe mubikorwa byo gusudira neza, gukata, no gucukura amabuye.
Ibikoresho bya Laser nibyo shingiro nifatizo ryiterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya laser. Buri gihe habayeho kuvuga mu nganda za laser ko 'igisekuru kimwe cyibikoresho, igisekuru kimwe cyibikoresho'. Gutezimbere ibikoresho bya lazeri byateye imbere kandi bifatika, birakenewe kubanza gutunga ibikoresho bya laser byo murwego rwo hejuru no guhuza ubundi buhanga bujyanye. Ytterbium yifashishije kristu ya laser hamwe nikirahure cya laser, nkimbaraga nshya yibikoresho bikomeye bya laser, biteza imbere iterambere rishya ryitumanaho rya fibre optique hamwe nikoranabuhanga rya laser, cyane cyane mubuhanga bugezweho bwa lazeri nka lazeri zifite ingufu nyinshi za lisansi, ingufu nyinshi tile laseri, hamwe nintwaro zingufu nyinshi.
Mubyongeyeho, ytterbium ikoreshwa kandi nka fu ya fluorescent ikora, ceramika ya radio, inyongeramusaruro yibikoresho bya mudasobwa yibikoresho bya elegitoronike (magnetiki bubbles), hamwe nibirahure bya optique. Twakagombye kwerekana ko yttrium na yttrium byombi ari ibintu bidasanzwe byisi. Nubwo hari itandukaniro rikomeye mumazina yicyongereza nibimenyetso byibintu, inyuguti yimvugo yubushinwa ifite imitwe imwe. Mubisobanuro bimwe byabashinwa, yttrium rimwe na rimwe bibeshya ko yttrium. Muri iki kibazo, dukeneye gukurikirana inyandiko yumwimerere no guhuza ibimenyetso byibintu kugirango twemeze.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-30-2023