Scandium, hamwe nikimenyetso cyibintu Sc na Atomic numero 21, byoroshye gushonga mumazi, birashobora gukorana namazi ashyushye, kandi byoroshye umwijima mwikirere. Agaciro kayo nyamukuru ni + 3. Bikunze kuvangwa na gadolinium, erbium, nibindi bintu, hamwe numusaruro muke hamwe nibirimo 0.0005% mubutaka. Scandium ikoreshwa mugukora ibirahuri bidasanzwe hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane.
Kugeza ubu, ububiko bwagaragaye bwa scandium ku isi ni toni miliyoni 2 gusa, 90 ~ 95% muri zo zikaba ziri mu bucukuzi bwa Bauxite, fosifore na fer ya titanium, naho igice gito muri uranium, thorium, tungsten ndetse n’ubutaka budasanzwe, cyane cyane yatanzwe mu Burusiya, Ubushinwa, Tajikistan, Madagasikari, Noruveje no mu bindi bihugu. Ubushinwa bukungahaye cyane ku mutungo wa scandium, ufite amabuye y'agaciro manini ajyanye na scandium. Dukurikije imibare ituzuye, ibigega bya scandium mu Bushinwa ni toni zigera ku 600000, zikaba zibitse mu bubiko bwa Bauxite na fosifori, ububiko bwa porphyry na quartz vein tungsten mu Bushinwa bw’Amajyepfo, ubutaka budasanzwe mu Bushinwa bw’Amajyepfo, Bayan Obo ubutare budasanzwe bw’ubutare bwa fer mu butaka Imbere muri Mongoliya, na Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite yabitse muri Sichuan.
Bitewe n'ubuke bwa scandium, igiciro cya scandium nacyo kiri hejuru cyane, kandi ku isonga ryacyo, igiciro cya scandium cyazamutseho inshuro 10 igiciro cya zahabu. Nubwo igiciro cya scandium cyagabanutse, biracyari inshuro enye igiciro cya zahabu!
Kuvumbura Amateka
Mu 1869, Mendeleev yabonye icyuho cya misa ya atome hagati ya calcium (40) na titanium (48), maze ahanura ko hano hari na misile ya atome itavumbuwe. Yahanuye ko oxyde yayo ari X ₂ O Å. Scandium yavumbuwe mu 1879 na Lars Frederik Nilson wo muri kaminuza ya Uppsala muri Suwede. Yakuye mu kirombe cya zahabu kirabura kidasanzwe, ubutare bugoye burimo ubwoko 8 bwa okiside y'icyuma. YakuyemoErbium (III) oxydekuva umukara wa zahabu idasanzwe, kandi wabonyeYtterbium (III) oxydeKuva kuri iyi oxyde, kandi hariho indi oxyde yibintu byoroheje, spekure yayo yerekana ko ari icyuma kitazwi. Nicyuma cyahanuwe na Mendeleev, oxyde yeSc₂O₃. Icyuma cya scandium ubwacyo cyakozwe kuvaScandium chloridegushonga amashanyarazi muri 1937.
Mendeleev
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
Scandium nicyuma cyoroshye, cyifeza cyera cyinzibacyuho gifite aho gishonga cya 1541 ℃ hamwe nigituba cya 2831 ℃.
Mu gihe kitari gito nyuma yo kuvumburwa, ikoreshwa rya scandium ntabwo ryagaragaye kubera ingorane zayo mu musaruro. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwiterambere ryibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka, ubu hariho inzira ikuze yo kweza ibice bya scandium. Kubera ko scandium idafite alkaline nkeya kurusha yttrium na Lanthanide, hydroxide niyo idakomeye, bityo rero isi idasanzwe ivanze minerval irimo scandium izatandukanywa nubutaka budasanzwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "intambwe yimvura" mugihe hydroxide ya Scandium (III) ivuwe na ammonia nyuma kwimurwa mubisubizo. Ubundi buryo ni ugutandukanya nitrate ya Scandium na Polar decomposition ya nitrate. Kuberako nitandi ya scandium niyo yoroshye kubora, scandium irashobora gutandukana. Byongeye kandi, gukira kwuzuye kwa scandium iherekejwe na uranium, thorium, tungsten, amabati nandi mabuye y'agaciro nayo ni isoko y'ingenzi ya scandium.
Nyuma yo kubona ibimera byiza bya scandium, bihindurwa muri ScCl Å hanyuma bigashonga hamwe na KCl na LiCl. Zinc yashongeshejwe ikoreshwa nka cathode ya electrolysis, bigatuma scandium igwa kuri electrode ya zinc. Noneho, zinc ihumeka kugirango ibone scandium. Iki nicyuma cyoroshye cya feza cyera gifite imiterere yimiti ikora cyane, ishobora gukora namazi ashyushye kubyara gaze hydrogène. Icyuma cya scandium ubona ku ishusho gifunzwe mu icupa kandi kirinzwe na gaze ya argon, bitabaye ibyo scandium izahita ikora ibara ry'umuhondo cyangwa ibara ryijimye ryijimye, itakaza urumuri rwinshi.
Porogaramu
Inganda zimurika
Imikoreshereze ya scandium yibanze mu cyerekezo cyiza cyane, kandi ntabwo ari ugukabya kubyita Umwana wumucyo. Intwaro ya mbere yubumaji ya scandium yitwa scandium sodium lamp, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kuzana urumuri ingo ibihumbi. Iki nicyuma cya halide Itara ryamashanyarazi: itara ryuzuyemo iyode ya Sodium na Scandium triiodide, kandi scandium na sodium foil byongeweho icyarimwe. Mugihe cyo gusohora ingufu nyinshi, ioni ya scandium na sodium ion bikurikirana bitanga urumuri rwumurambararo wacyo. Imirongo yerekana sodium ni 589.0 na 589,6 nm, amatara abiri azwi yumuhondo, mugihe imirongo yerekana scandium ni 361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, urukurikirane rwa ultraviolet nubumara bwangiza bwubururu. Kuberako byuzuzanya, ibara ryumucyo muri rusange ryakozwe ni urumuri rwera. Ni ukubera ko amatara ya sodium ya scandium afite ibiranga imikorere yumucyo mwinshi, ibara ryiza ryumucyo, kuzigama ingufu, ubuzima bumara igihe kinini, hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye bwo kumena ibicu bishobora gukoreshwa cyane kuri kamera za tereviziyo, ibibuga, ibibuga by'imikino, no kumurika umuhanda, kandi bizwi nkibisekuru bya gatatu bitanga urumuri. Mu Bushinwa, ubu bwoko bw'itara bugenda butera imbere buhoro buhoro nk'ikoranabuhanga rishya, mu gihe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe byateye imbere, ubu bwoko bw'itara bwakoreshejwe cyane nko mu ntangiriro ya za 1980.
Intwaro ya kabiri yubumaji ya scandium ni selile yifoto yizuba, ishobora gukusanya urumuri rwatatanye hasi ikayihindura amashanyarazi kugirango itware societe yabantu. Scandium nicyuma cyiza cya barrière mubyuma bya insulator semiconductor silicon izuba hamwe nizuba.
Intwaro yacyo ya gatatu yubumaji yitwa source Inkomoko yumurasire, iyi ntwaro yubumaji irashobora kumurika wenyine, ariko ubu bwoko bwurumuri ntibushobora kwakirwa nijisho ryonyine, ni fotone ifite ingufu nyinshi. Mubisanzwe dukuramo 45Sc mumabuye y'agaciro, niyo isotopi Kamere yonyine ya scandium. Buri nucleus ya 45Sc irimo proton 21 na neutron 24. 46Sc, isotope yubukorikori ikora, irashobora gukoreshwa nk γ Inkomoko yimirasire cyangwa atome ya tracer irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukoresha radiotherapi yibibyimba bibi. Hariho na progaramu nka yttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,Scandium fluorideikirahure infrared Optical fibre, na scandium yatwikiriye cathode ray tube kuri tereviziyo. Bigaragara ko scandium yavutse ifite umucyo.
Inganda
Scandium muburyo bwibanze yakoreshejwe cyane muri doping aluminium. Igihe cyose ibihumbi bike bya scandium byongewe kuri aluminium, hazashyirwaho icyiciro gishya cya Al3Sc, kizagira uruhare rwa Metamorphism muri aluminiyumu kandi bigatuma imiterere n'imiterere ya alloy ihinduka cyane. Ongeraho 0.2% ~ 0.4% Sc (birasa rwose nigipimo cyo kongeramo umunyu kugirango utere imboga zikaranze murugo, harakenewe bike) birashobora kongera ubushyuhe bwa rerystallisation ya alloy kuri 150-200 and, kandi bikazamura cyane hejuru -imbaraga z'ubushyuhe, ituze ryimiterere, imikorere yo gusudira, hamwe no kurwanya ruswa. Irashobora kandi kwirinda ibintu byo gutwika byoroshye kugaragara mugihe cyigihe kirekire kumurimo mwinshi. Imbaraga nyinshi hamwe nubukomezi bukomeye bwa aluminiyumu, imbaraga nshya zifite imbaraga zo kwangirika kwangirika gusudira aluminiyumu, umushyitsi mushya wa aluminiyumu, ubushyuhe bukomeye bwa neutron irrasiyoyumu irwanya aluminiyumu, nibindi, bifite iterambere ryiza cyane mu kirere, mu ndege, mu bwato, reaction za kirimbuzi, ibinyabiziga byoroheje na gari ya moshi yihuta.
Scandium nayo ni modifier nziza yicyuma, kandi scandium nkeya irashobora kuzamura cyane imbaraga nubukomezi bwicyuma. Mubyongeyeho, scandium irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkinyongera yubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa tungsten na chromium alloys. Birumvikana ko usibye gukora imyenda yubukwe kubandi, scandium ifite aho ishonga cyane kandi ubucucike bwayo bukaba busa na aluminium, kandi bukoreshwa no mumashanyarazi maremare yoroheje cyane nka scandium titanium alloy na scandium magnesium alloy. Nyamara, kubera igiciro cyacyo kinini, muri rusange ikoreshwa gusa mu nganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru nko gukora ingendo zo mu kirere na roketi.
Ibikoresho byubutaka
Scandium, ikintu kimwe, gikoreshwa muri alloys, kandi oxyde yayo igira uruhare runini mubikoresho byubutaka muburyo busa. Ibikoresho bya tetragonal zirconia ceramic, bishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya electrode ya selile ikomeye ya okiside, bifite umutungo wihariye aho ubwikorezi bwiyi electrolyte bwiyongera hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera hamwe na ogisijeni yibidukikije. Nyamara, imiterere ya kristu yibi bikoresho byubutaka ubwayo ntishobora kubaho neza kandi nta gaciro k’inganda; Birakenewe gukoporora ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishobora gutunganya iyi miterere kugirango igumane imiterere yumwimerere. Ongeramo 6 ~ 10% oxyde ya Scandium ni nkimiterere ifatika, kugirango zirconi ihagarare kumurongo wa kare.
Hariho kandi ibikoresho bya ceramic injeniyeri nkimbaraga nyinshi nubushyuhe bwo hejuru burwanya silicon nitride nka densifiers na stabilisateur.
Nka densifier,Okiside ya ScandiumIrashobora gukora icyiciro cyoroshye Sc2Si2O7 kuruhande rwibice byiza, bityo bikagabanya ihindagurika ryubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubukorikori. Ugereranije nizindi okiside, irashobora kunoza neza ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubukanishi bwa nitride ya silicon.
Ubuhanga bwa catalitiki
Mu buhanga bwa chimique, scandium ikoreshwa kenshi nka catalizator, mugihe Sc2O3 irashobora gukoreshwa mukubura umwuma no kwangiza etanol cyangwa isopropanol, kubora aside acike, no gukora Ethylene ivuye muri CO na H2. Cataliste ya Pt Al irimo Sc2O3 nayo ni umusemburo wingenzi mugusukura amavuta ya hydrogène iremereye no gutunganya inganda za peteroli. Muri catalitike yamenetse nka Cumene, ibikorwa bya catalizike ya Sc-Y zeolite irikubye inshuro 1000 kurenza iyitwa catalizike ya aluminium; Ugereranije na catalizaires zimwe na zimwe, iterambere ryiterambere rya scandium catalizator izaba nziza cyane.
Inganda zikoresha ingufu za kirimbuzi
Ongeraho umubare muto wa Sc2O3 kuri UO2 mumavuta ya kirimbuzi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru burashobora kwirinda guhinduranya lattice, kwiyongera kwijwi, no guturika byatewe na UO2 guhinduka U3O8.
Ingirabuzimafatizo
Muri ubwo buryo, kongeramo 2,5% kugeza kuri 25% scandium kuri bateri ya nikel alkali bizongera ubuzima bwabo bwa serivisi.
Ubworozi
Mu buhinzi, imbuto nk'ibigori, beterave, amashaza, ingano n'izuba birashobora kuvurwa hamwe na sulfate ya Scandium (kwibumbira muri rusange ni 10-3 ~ 10-8mol / L, ibihingwa bitandukanye bizagira bitandukanye), n'ingaruka nyazo zo guteza imbere kumera. byagezweho. Nyuma yamasaha 8, uburemere bwumye bwimizi nuduti byiyongereyeho 37% na 78% ugereranije ningemwe, ariko uburyo buracyakorwa.
Kuva Nielsen yitaye ku mwenda w'amakuru ya Atomic kugeza uyu munsi, scandium yinjiye mu iyerekwa ry'abantu mu myaka ijana cyangwa makumyabiri gusa, ariko imaze imyaka ijana yicaye ku ntebe. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana gishize ni bwo iterambere rikomeye ry'ubumenyi bw'ibintu ryamuzaniye imbaraga. Muri iki gihe, ibintu bidasanzwe byisi, harimo na scandium, byahindutse inyenyeri zishyushye mubikoresho bya siyansi, bigira uruhare runini muri sisitemu ibihumbi, bizana ubuzima bwacu burimunsi, kandi bitanga agaciro mubukungu ndetse bigoye kubipima.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-29-2023