Scandium, hamwe nikimenyetso cya element sc na atomic nimero 21, irashonga byoroshye mumazi, irashobora gukorana namazi ashyushye, kandi byoroshye umwijima mu kirere. Igorofa yacyo ni + 3. Bikunze kuvangwa na Gadiminium, Erbium, nibindi bintu, hamwe n'umusaruro muto n'ibirimo hafi 0.0005% mu bukorikori. Scandium ikunze gukoreshwa mugukora ikirahure kidasanzwe noroheje cyane-ubushyuhe.
Kugeza ubu, ibigega byagaragaye ku isi hose, 90 ~ 95% by'ibi bikubiye muri baugiteri, thoriumu, mu Bushinwa, Tarikisitani, muri Thorikistar na Edagasika, Noruveje n'ibindi bihugu. Ubushinwa bukungahaye cyane mu buryo bwa Scandium, hamwe nubuseri bunini bujyanye na scandium. Ibitekerezo bituzuye, ububiko bwa Scandium mu Bushinwa bugera kuri 600000, bikubiye muri Ton y'imbere, Bayan, uko byateganijwe mu majyepfo ya Tinadium.
Kubera ubuke bwa Scandium, igiciro cya Scandium nacyo kiri hejuru, kandi ku mpinga yacyo, igiciro cya Scandium cyashize inshuro 10 igiciro cya zahabu. Nubwo igiciro cya Scandium cyaguye, kiracyari inshuro enye igiciro cya zahabu!
Kuvumbura amateka
Mu 1869, Mendeleev yabonye icyuho mu misa ya Atome hagati ya Calcium (40) na Titanium (48), kandi ahambiriye ko hari na kimwe kitaramenyekana hagati ya atome. Yahanuye ko oxide yayo ari x ₂ o å. Scandium yavumbuwe mu 1879 na Lars Frederik Nilsik Nilson wo muri kaminuza ya Uppala muri Suwede. Yabikuye mu kirombe cy'umukara kamera, ikibuye kigoye kirimo ubwoko 8 bw'imyanda y'icyuma. YakuyehoErbium (iii) oxidekuva kurirabura bidasanzweYtterbium (iii) oxideKuva kuri iyi oxide, kandi hariho ubundi buryo bworoshye bwibintu byoroheje, spectrum yerekana ko ari ibyuma kitazwi. Iyi niyo cyuma cyahanuwe na Mendeleev, oxide niSc₂o₃. Sitasiyo y'icyuma ubwacyo yakozweScandium chloridena firime ya electrolytic mu 1937.
Mendeleev
Iboneza rya elegitoroni
Iboneza rya electron: 1S2 2S2 2P6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
Sicaneri ni icyuma cyoroshye, cya feza cyera hamwe no gushonga 1541 ℃ hamwe nuburyo bubi bwa 2831 ℃.
Mu gihe kinini nyuma yo kuvumbura, gukoresha scandium ntibyagaragaye kubera ingorabahizi. Hamwe no kunoza uburyo bwo gutandukanya isi idasanzwe yisi, ubu hari inzira ikuze igenda ituza koza ibice byisi. Kuberako scandium ari gato alkaline kurenza yttrium na Lanthande, hydroxide nintege nke, bityo nyakubahwa isi ivamo scaneral ikubiyemo scandium izaba ivurwa na ammonia nyuma yo kwimurwa mubisubizo. Ubundi buryo ni ugutandukanya scandium nitrate na polar kubora nitrate. Kuberako nitrate nitrate aribyo byoroshye kubora, scandium irashobora gutandukana. Byongeye kandi, gukiza byuzuye scandium iherekeje kuva Uranium, Thorium, Tungsten, amabuye y'agaciro, amabuye y'agaciro na maserral abitsa na status na scandium yingenzi.
Nyuma yo kubona ikigo cyuzuye gisipaga, gihindurwa muri sccl å kandi kose hamwe na kcl na licl. Zinc ikoresha nka Cathode ya electrolysis, itera scandium iciriritse kuri electrode ya zinc. Noneho, ZINC ihumeka kugirango ibone scandium ya metandic. Iyi ni ifeza yoroheje yera ifite imiterere yimiti ikora cyane, ishobora kubyitwaramo n'amazi ashyushye kugirango atange gaze hydrogen. Igisigiti cyicyuma rero ubona ku ishusho kashyizwehoho mu icupa kandi kirinzwe na gaze ya ARGON, bitabaye ibyo scandium bizahita bikora urwego rwijimye cyangwa rwijimye.
Porogaramu
Inganda zoroheje
Imikoreshereze ya Scandium yibanda cyane cyane, kandi ntabwo ari ugukabya kubyita umuhungu wumucyo. Intwaro ya mbere yubumaji ya scandium yitwa itara rya sodium, rishobora gukoreshwa mu kuzana urumuri mu ngo ibihumbi n'ibihumbi. Iyi ni ibyuma byumucyo, itara ryuzuyemo sodiumide na scandium, na scandium hamwe na sodium yongeyeho icyarimwe. Mugihe cyo gusohora Imirongo yerekana sodium ni 589.0. Kuberako kuzuzanya, ibara ryumucyo muri rusange ryakozwe ni urumuri rwera. Nukuri kuko amatara ya sodium ya Scandium afite ibiranga imikorere minini, ibara ryiza, ubuzima burenze imbaraga, hamwe nubushobozi bwigihuha, hamwe no gucana umuhanda, kandi bizwi nkisoko yinzira ya gatatu. Mu Bushinwa, ubu bwoko bw'itara agenda atera imbere buhoro buhoro nk'ikoranabuhanga rishya, mu gihe mu bihugu bimwe byateye imbere, ubu bwoko bw'itara ryakoreshejwe cyane mu ntangiriro ya za 1980.
Intwaro ya kabiri yubumaji ya scandium ni selile ya Pirel Phicraltaic, ishobora gukusanya urumuri rwanyanyaga hasi hanyuma uyihindure mumashanyarazi kugirango utware societe yabantu. Scandium ninzitizi nziza muri icyuma insulator semiconductor selile ya silicon imirasire nizuba.
Intwaro yacyo ya gatatu yubumaji yitwa γ inkomoko yimvura, iyi ntwaro yubumaji irashobora kumurika cyane, ariko urumuri nkurumuri ntirushobora kwakirwa nijisho ryambaye ubusa, ni photon itemba. Mubisanzwe dukuramo 45sc mubisebyi, nicyo cyonyine isotovico ya scandium. Buri 45SC nucleus ikubiyemo proton 21 hamwe na neutrons 24. 46Sc, isotopective ya radioactive, irashobora gukoreshwa nka γ imirasire ya γ cyangwa atom ya tracer irashobora kandi gukoreshwa kuri radiotherapie yibibyimba bibi. Hariho kandi porogaramu nka Ytrium Gallium Scandium Garner Garnet,Scandium fluorideIkirahure cyinshi fibre optique, kandi scandium yapakiye Cathode ray tube kuri tereviziyo. Birasa nkaho scandium yavutse ifite umucyo.
Apolon
Scandium muburyo buteganijwe bwakoreshejwe cyane mugukora aluminium alloys. Igihe cyose ibihumbi bike bya scandium byongewe kuri aluminium, bizashira uruhare rushya, ruzakina uruhare rwa Metamorphhism muri Aluminium kandi komeza imiterere n'imitungo ihinduka cyane. Ongeraho 0.2% ~ 0.4% sc (birasa rwose nibipimo byo kongeramo umunyu mu rugo, harakenewe cyane imbaraga zikaraba mu rugo, harakenewe cyane imbaraga zikaraba., Kandi zikaba zike cyane Irashobora kandi kwirinda ikintu cyangiza ibintu byoroshye kubaho mugihe cyigihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru. Imbaraga nyinshi na Aluminum Aluminum, imbaraga nshya zirwanya ruswa aluminiyumu, ibihangano bishya, ni indege, amato, ibinyabiziga birindaga, ibinyabiziga byoroheje hamwe na gari ya moshi.
Scandium nayo ihindura neza icyuma, kandi igisigiti gito gishobora kunoza cyane imbaraga nubukomere bya cyuma. Byongeye kandi, scandium irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkinyongera ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru bungsten na chromium alloys. Nibyo, usibye gukora imyenda yubukwe kubandi, scandium ifite ingingo yo gushonga cyane kandi ubucucike bwayo burasa na luminium, kandi bikoreshwa muburyo bworoshye, kandi bukoreshwa muburyo bworoshye, kandi bukoreshwa muburyo bworoshye, kandi bukoreshwa muburyo bworoshye, kandi bukoreshwa muburyo bworoshye, kandi bukoreshwa muburyo bworoshye kuri scandium na scandium magnesium. Ariko, kubera igiciro cyinshi, mubisanzwe ikoreshwa gusa munganda zo munzu yo hejuru nka shitingi.
Ibikoresho byo muri Ceramic
Scandium, ibintu bimwe, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa muri alloys, kandi inka zayo zikina uruhare runini mubikoresho ceramic muburyo busa. Ibikoresho bya tetragonal ibikoresho bya tetragonal, bishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya electrode kubijyanye na selile zikomeye, ifite umutungo wihariye wa electrolyte wiyongera hamwe nubushyuhe nubushake bwa ogisijeni mubidukikije. Ariko, imiterere ya kirisiti yiyi mikorere ya chamic ubwayo ntishobora kubaho neza kandi idafite agaciro kanga; Birakenewe gukora ibintu bimwe bishobora gukosora iyi miterere kugirango ukomeze imitungo yumwimerere. Ongeraho ibisasu 6 ~ 10% scandide ni nkimiterere ya beto, kugirango zirconia ishobore gukomera kuri kashe ya kare.
Hariho kandi ibikoresho byo muri Ceramic by ceramic nkimbaraga nyinshi nubushyuhe bukabije bwa silicon nitride nka densifiers n'inzererega.
Nkibitero,Scandide oxideIrashobora gushiraho icyiciro cya SC2Si2O7 kuruhande rwibice byiza, bityo bikagabanya uburyo bwo guhindura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubuhanga. Ugereranije nizindi myanda, irashobora kunoza imitungo yo hejuru yubutaka bwa silicon nitride.
Chitalytic chimie
Mu buhanga bw'imiti, scandium akenshi ikoreshwa nka catalyst, mugihe sc2o3 irashobora gukoreshwa mu kubura no muri isopropation ya ethanol cyangwa isopropal cyangwa isopropanol, no gukora acide ya acetike, no gukora umusaruro wa H2. PT Al Catalyst ikubiyemo SC2O3 naya umusemburo wingenzi kubisukurwa hydrorognation nyinshi no gutunganya inzira mubibazo bya peteroli. Muburyo bwa cataltike nka cumene, ibikorwa bya sc-catalyst ni inshuro 1000 kurenza iya aluminiyumu yangiza umusemburo; Ugereranije na katali gakondo, Iterambere ryiterambere rya Scandium rizaba ryiza cyane.
Inganda za kirimbuzi
Ongeraho umubare muto wa SC2O3 kuri Uo2 mumavuta menshi ya reaction ya reaction irashobora kwirinda guhinduka kwa Lattice, ubwiyongere bwiyongereye, no gucikamo byatewe na UO2 kugeza U3O8.
Akagari ka lisansi
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, wongeyeho 2,5% kuri scandium 25% kuri bateri ya Nikel Bizongera ubuzima bwabo.
Ubworozi bw'ubuhinzi
Mu buhinzi, imbuto nk'ikigo, Beet, ingano, ingano n'izuba birashobora kuvurwa na standium sulfate (kwibanda muri rusange 10-3 ~ 10-8 Nyuma yamasaha 8, uburemere bwumuzi bwumizi n'amababi byiyongereyeho 37% na 78% ugereranije ninzira, ariko uburyo buracyafite.
Kuva i Nielsen kwita ku mwenda w'amakuru ya atome kugeza uyu munsi, Scandy yinjiye mu iyerekwa ry'abantu imyaka ijana cyangwa makumyabiri gusa, ariko hafi ko yicaye ku ntebe imyaka ijana. Ntabwo byari iterambere rya siyansi bukomeye mu mpera z'ikinyejana gishize ko bizamuzanira ubuzima. Uyu munsi, ibintu bidasanzwe byisi, harimo scandium, byahindutse inyenyeri zishyushye mubikoresho bya siyanse, mukinisha ubuzima bwibihumbi, bigatuma ubukungu bwuzuye mubuzima bwacu burimunsi, kandi bigatanga agaciro k'ubukungu bigoye kurushaho gupima.
Igihe cya nyuma: Jun-29-2023