Nikiisi idasanzwe?
Abantu bafite amateka yimyaka irenga 200 kuva havumburwa isi idasanzwe mumwaka wa 1794.Kubera ko muri kiriya gihe habonetse amabuye y'agaciro adakunze kuboneka, hashobora kuboneka gusa umubare muto w'amazi adashobora gushonga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa shimi. Mu mateka, iyo okiside yari isanzwe yitwa "isi", bityo izina ryisi idasanzwe.
Mubyukuri, imyunyu ngugu-gake ntisanzwe muri kamere. Isi idasanzwe ntabwo ari isi, ahubwo ni ikintu gisanzwe cyicyuma. Ubwoko bwayo bukora ni ubwa kabiri gusa kubutaka bwa alkali hamwe nubutaka bwa alkaline. Bafite ibintu byinshi mubutaka kuruta umuringa usanzwe, zinc, amabati, cobalt, na nikel.
Kugeza ubu, isi idasanzwe yakoreshejwe cyane mubice bitandukanye nka electronics, peteroli, metallurgie, nibindi. Hafi buri myaka 3-5, abahanga barashobora kuvumbura imikoreshereze mishya kubutaka budasanzwe, kandi mubintu bitandatu byavumbuwe, umuntu ntashobora gukora nta isi idasanzwe.
Ubushinwa bukungahaye ku mabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe ku isi, biza ku mwanya wa mbere ku rutonde rwa gatatu ku isi: ibigega, igipimo cy'umusaruro, ndetse n'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Muri icyo gihe, Ubushinwa nabwo ni cyo gihugu cyonyine gishobora gutanga ibyuma 17 by’ubutaka bidasanzwe, cyane cyane ubutaka buciriritse kandi buremereye budasanzwe bukoreshwa mu gisirikare.
Ntibisanzwe bigize isi
Ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bigizwe nibintu bya Lanthanide mumeza yibihe byimiti:lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm),samarium(Sm),europium(Eu),gadolinium(Gd),terbium(Tb),dysprosium(Dy),holmium(Ho),erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),lutetium(Lu), nibintu bibiri bifitanye isano rya hafi na lanthanide:scandium(Sc) nayttrium(Y).
YitwaNtibisanzwe Isi, mu magambo ahinnye nk'isi idasanzwe.
Itondekanya ryibintu bidasanzwe byisi
Bishyizwe hamwe nibintu bya fiziki na chimique yibintu:
Umucyo udasanzwe w'isi:scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Ibintu bidasanzwe byisi:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium
Bikubiye mu miterere y'amabuye y'agaciro:
Itsinda rya Cerium:lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Itsinda rya Yttrium:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium
Gutondekanya kubikuramo:
Isi yoroheje (P204 gukuramo acide acide): lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium
Hagati yisi idasanzwe (P204 ikuramo aside irike):samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium
Isi idasanzwe (gukuramo aside muri P204):holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium
Ibyiza byibintu bidasanzwe byisi
Imikorere irenga 50 yibintu bidasanzwe byisi bifitanye isano nuburyo bwihariye bwa 4f bwa elegitoronike, bigatuma bukoreshwa cyane mubikoresho gakondo ndetse nubuhanga buhanga buhanitse.
4f ya orbit
1. Imiterere yumubiri nubumara
★ Ifite ibyuma bigaragara; Ni ibara rya silver, usibye praseodymium na neodymium, bigaragara umuhondo woroshye
Color Amabara meza ya oxyde
★ Shiraho ibice bihamye hamwe bitari ibyuma
★ Ibyuma bizima
★ Biroroshye okiside mu kirere
2 Ibikoresho bya Optoelectronic
★ Ntabwo yujuje 4f sublayer, aho 4f electron ikingirwa na electron zo hanze, bikavamo amagambo atandukanye hamwe nurwego rwingufu
Iyo electroni ya 4f ihindutse, irashobora gukurura cyangwa gusohora imirasire yuburebure butandukanye bwa ultraviolet, igaragara mukarere ka infragre, bigatuma ibera nkibikoresho bya luminescent
Conduct Umuyoboro mwiza, ushoboye gutegura ibyuma bidasanzwe byisi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa electrolysis
Uruhare rwa 4f Electron yibintu bidasanzwe byisi mubintu bishya
1.Ibikoresho bikoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki 4f
★ 4f electron izunguruka:bigaragazwa nkibintu bikomeye bya magnetisme - bikwiriye gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, ibikoresho byo gufata amashusho bya MRI, ibyuma bifata ibyuma bya magnetiki, superconductor, nibindi
★ 4f orbital inzibacyuho: bigaragazwa nkibintu bya luminescent - bikwiriye gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya luminescent nka fosifore, lazeri ya infragre, fibre fibre, nibindi
Inzibacyuho ya elegitoronike muri 4f urwego rwingufu ziyobora: zigaragara nkibintu byamabara - bikwiranye no gusiga amabara no gushushanya ibintu bishyushye, pigment, amavuta yubutaka, ikirahure, nibindi
2 ifitanye isano itaziguye na 4f electron, ukoresheje radiyo ya Ionic, kwishyuza nibintu bya chimique
Ibiranga kirimbuzi:
Gitoya yumuriro neutron Absorption cross cross - ibereye gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubaka bya reaction ya nucleaire, nibindi
Igice kinini cya neutron Absorption cross cross - ibereye gukingira ibikoresho bya reaction ya kirimbuzi, nibindi
★ Isi idasanzwe Ionic radiyo, kwishyuza, ibintu bifatika na chimique:
Ects Inenge ya Lattice, radiyo isa na Ionic, imiterere ya chimique, amafaranga atandukanye - akwiriye gushyushya, cataliste, sensing element, nibindi
Imiterere yihariye - ibereye gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya hydrogène ububiko bwa cathode, ibikoresho byo kwinjiza microwave, nibindi
Ibikoresho bya electro optique na dielectric - bikwiriye gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byo guhindura urumuri, ububumbyi buboneye, nibindi
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jul-06-2023