Barium Metal (1)

1 Intangiriro

Izina ry'igishinwa:Barium, Izina ry'icyongereza:BariumIkimenyetsoBa, atome numero 56 mumeza yigihe, ni itsinda rya IIA ryicyuma cyitwa alkaline cyicyuma cyubutaka gifite ubucucike bwa santimetero 3,51 g / cubic, aho gushonga kwa 727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), hamwe nubushyuhe bwa 1870 ° C (2143 K, 3398 ° F). Barium ni icyuma cyitwa alkaline cyisi gifite feza yera ya feza, ifite ibara ryaka ryatsi ryumuhondo icyatsi, cyoroshye, kandi gihindagurika.Bariumifite imiti ikora cyane kandi irashobora kwitwara hamwe nibyuma byinshi.Bariumntabwo yigeze iboneka nkibintu bimwe muri kamere.Bariumumunyu ni uburozi usibyebariumsulfate. Byongeye,bariumifite kugabanuka gukomeye kandi irashobora kugabanya ibyuma byinshi bya oxyde, halide, na sulfide kugirango ibone ibyuma bihuye. Ibiri muribariummu gikonjo ni 0,05%, kandi imyunyu ngugu ikunze kugaragara muri kamere ni barite (bariumsulfate) na witherite (bariumkarubone). Barium ikoreshwa cyane mubice nka electronics, ubukerarugendo, ubuvuzi, na peteroli.

2 、 Ivumburwa ryaBariumn'Iterambere ry'UbushinwaBariumInganda

1. Amateka magufi yubuvumbuzi bwabarium

Alkaline yisi icyuma cya sulfide yerekana fosifore, bivuze ko bakomeje gusohora urumuri mu mwijima mugihe runaka nyuma yo guhura numucyo. Nukuri kuberako ibi biranga aribyobariumibice byatangiye kwitabwaho.

Mu 1602, V. Casiorolus, inkweto i Bologna, mu Butaliyani, yavumbuye ko barite irimobariumsulfate yasohoye urumuri mu mwijima nyuma yo kuyitekesha ibintu bishobora gutwikwa. Ibi bintu byakuruye abahanga mu bya shimi bo mu Burayi. Mu 1774, umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Suwede CW Scheele yavumbuye ikintu gishya muri barite, ariko ntiyabasha kubitandukanya, gusa oxyde yicyo kintu. Mu 1776, Johan Gottlieb Gahn yatandukanije iyi oxyde mu bushakashatsi nk'ubwo. Baryta yabanje kwitwa barote na Guyton de Morveau, nyuma yaje kwitwa baryta (isi iremereye) na Antoine Lavoisier. Mu 1808, umuhanga mu bya shimi w’Ubwongereza Humphry Davy yakoresheje mercure nka cathode, platine nka anode, na barite ya electrolyzed (BaSO4) kugirango itange umusarurobariumamalgam. Nyuma yo gusibanganya gukuraho mercure, habonetse icyuma gifite ubuziranenge buke kandi cyitwabarium.

Inganda zikoreshwa mu nganda nazo zifite amateka yimyaka irenga ijana

Nko mu kinyejana cya 19 rwagati, abantu batangiye gukoresha barite (minerval yingenzi kugirango itange umusarurobariumnabariumibice) nkuwuzuza amarangi. Kuva muri iki kinyejana, barite yabaye ibikoresho nyamukuru byo gukora ibintu bitandukanyebariumbirimo ibikomoka ku miti. Bitewe numubare munini wacyo, imiterere yimiti ihamye, hamwe no kudashonga mumazi na acide, barite yakoreshejwe nkigikoresho kiremereye cyogucukura peteroli na gaze kuva 1920.Bariumsulfate ikoreshwa mugukora pigment yera kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkuzuza no gusiga amabara ya reberi.

2. Imiterere y'Ubushinwabariuminganda

Bisanzwebariumumunyu urimobariumsulfate,bariumnitrate, barium chloride,bariumkarubone,bariumcyanide, nibindiBariumibicuruzwa byumunyu bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bya elegitoronike nkinyongeramusaruro yamashusho yamabara nibikoresho bya magneti.

Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa bwabaye igihugu kinini ku isibariumumunyu. Ubushobozi bwo gukora buri mwaka kwisi yosebariumkarubone igera kuri toni 900000, ikomoka kuri toni zigera ku 700000, mu gihe Ubushinwa buri mwaka butanga umusaruro ugera kuri toni 700000, buri mwaka umusaruro uva kuri toni 500000, ukaba urenga 70% by’isi yosebariumubushobozi bwa karubone umusaruro nibisohoka. Ubushinwabariumibicuruzwa bya karubone byoherezwa mu mahanga igihe kinini, kandi Ubushinwa bwabaye ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga ku isibariumkarubone.

Ibibazo Bihura niterambere ryaBariumInganda zumunyu mubushinwa

Nubwo Ubushinwa aribwo bukora ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi byohereza ibicuruzwa hanzebariumkarubone, ntabwo ikora cyane ya barium karubone. Ubwa mbere, hariho bike-bininibariuminganda zitanga karubone mu Bushinwa, kandi hari imishinga mike cyane yageze ku musaruro munini; Icya kabiri, Ubushinwabariumibicuruzwa bya karubone bifite imiterere imwe kandi ibura ibicuruzwa byikoranabuhanga. Nubwo inganda zimwe zirimo gukora ubushakashatsi no gutanga umusaruro-mwinshibariumkarubone, ituze ryayo irakennye. Ku bicuruzwa bifite isuku nyinshi, Ubushinwa bugomba kandi gutumiza mu masosiyete nk'Ubudage, Ubutaliyani, n'Ubuyapani. Byongeye kandi, mu myaka yashize, ibihugu bimwe byabaye ibicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa hanzebariumkarubone, nk'Uburusiya, Burezili, Koreya y'Epfo, na Mexico, biganisha ku kugabanuka ku rwego mpuzamahangabariumisoko rya karubone, ryagize ingaruka zikomeye ku Bushinwabariuminganda za karubone. Ababikora bafite ubushake bwo kugabanya ibiciro kugirango babeho. Muri icyo gihe, inganda zohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa nazo zirahura n’iperereza ryo kurwanya ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza ibisabwa byo kurengera ibidukikije, bimwebariuminganda zitanga umunyu mu Bushinwa nazo zihura n’ibibazo byo kurengera ibidukikije. Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere iterambere ry’Ubushinwabariuminganda z'umunyu,bariumInganda zitanga umunyu mu Bushinwa zigomba gufata ingamba zo kurengera ibidukikije n’umutekano nk’ishingiro, guhora dukora ubushakashatsi no kumenyekanisha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bishya byujuje ibisabwa n’ibihe kandi bifite ikoranabuhanga ryinshi.

Umusaruro no kohereza amakuru ya Barite mubushinwa

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika zishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’ubutaka, bwerekana ko umusaruro wa barite mu Bushinwa wari hafi toni miliyoni 41 mu 2014. Dukurikije imibare ya gasutamo y’Ubushinwa, kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Ukuboza 2014, Ubushinwa bwohereje ibiro 92588597 byabariumsulfate, kwiyongera kwa 0.18% ugereranije nigihe kimwe cyumwaka ushize. Igiteranyo cyoherezwa mu mahanga cyari 65496598 by'amadolari y'Amerika, cyiyongereyeho 20,99% ugereranije n'icyo gihe cyashize umwaka ushize. Igicuruzwa cyoherezwa mu mahanga cyari 0,71 US $ ku kilo, cyiyongereyeho 0,12 US $ ku kilo ugereranije n’icyo gihe cyashize. Muri byo, mu Kuboza 2014, Ubushinwa bwohereje ibiro 8768648 byabariumsulfate, kwiyongera kwa 8.19% ugereranije nigihe kimwe cyumwaka ushize. Amafaranga yoherezwa mu mahanga yari 8385141 US $, yiyongereyeho 5.1% ugereranije n’icyo gihe cyashize.

Dukurikije imibare ya gasutamo y'Ubushinwa, muri Kamena 2015, Ubushinwa bwohereje toni 170000 zabariumsulfate, igabanuka rya 1,7% ugereranije nigihe kimwe cyumwaka ushize; Mu gice cya mbere cy'umwaka, ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga byari toni miliyoni 1.12, byagabanutseho 6.8% ugereranije n'icyo gihe cyashize; Amafaranga yoherezwa mu mahanga yagabanutseho 5.4% na 9% ugereranije n’igihe cyashize umwaka ushize.

3 Gukwirakwiza no gutanga umusaruro wa Barium (Barite)

1. Gukwirakwiza umutungo wa barium

Ibiri muribariummu gikonjo ni 0,05%, iri ku mwanya wa 14. Amabuye y'agaciro muri kamere ni barite (bariumsulfate BaSO4) na witherite (bariumkarubone BaCO3). Muri byo, barite ni minerval isanzwe ya barium, igizwe nabariumsulfate kandi iboneka mumitsi yo hasi yubushyuhe bwa hydrothermal, nkimitsi ya quartz barite, fluorite barite, nibindi. Uburozi nubundi buninibariumirimo imyunyu ngugu muri kamere, usibye barite, kandi ibyingenzi byingenzi nibariumkarubone.

Dukurikije imibare yavuye mu bushakashatsi bw’Amerika muri Jewoloji muri 2015, umutungo wa barite ku isi ni hafi toni miliyari 2, muri zo hakaba hagaragaye toni miliyoni 740. Ububiko bwa barite kwisi yose ni toni miliyoni 350. Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu gifite umutungo wa barite mwinshi. Ibindi bihugu bifite umutungo wa barite birimo Kazakisitani, Türkiye, Ubuhinde, Tayilande, Amerika na Mexico. Inkomoko zizwi cyane za barite ku isi zirimo Westman Land mu Bwongereza, Felsbonne muri Rumaniya, Saxony mu Budage, Tianzhu muri Guizhou, Heifenggou i Gansu, Gongxi muri Hunan, Liulin muri Hubei, Xiangzhou muri Guangxi, na Shuiping muri Shaanxi.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika muri Jewoloji mu mwaka wa 2015, bwerekana ko umusaruro wa barite ku isi wari toni miliyoni 9.23 muri 2013 kandi wiyongereye kugera kuri toni miliyoni 9.26 muri 2014. Muri 2014, Ubushinwa nabwo bwatanze umusaruro mwinshi wa barite, butanga toni miliyoni 4.1 , bingana na 44.3% by'umusaruro rusange ku isi. Ubuhinde, Maroc, na Amerika biza ku mwanya wa kabiri, uwa gatatu, n'uwa kane, umusaruro wa toni miliyoni 1.6, toni miliyoni 1, na toni 720000.

2. Ikwirakwizwa ryaBariumIbikoresho mu Bushinwa

Ubushinwa bukizebariumubutare bw'amabuye y'agaciro, hamwe hateganijwe kuzigama toni zisaga miliyari imwe. Byongeye kandi, urwego rwamabuye ya barium ruri hejuru cyane, kandi ibigega byayo n’umusaruro biri ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Bikunze kugaragarabariumirimo minerval muri kamere ni barite. Ububiko bwa barite ku isi ni toni miliyoni 350, mu gihe ububiko bwa barite mu Bushinwa ari toni miliyoni 100, bingana na 29% by’imigabane yose ku isi kandi biza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi.

Dukurikije imibare iri mu “Gucukumbura Uturere tw’ibanze tw’ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'ubutunzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ya Barite yo mu Bushinwa” (Chemical Mineral Geology, 2010), Ubushinwa bukungahaye ku mutungo wa barite, ukwirakwizwa mu ntara 24 (uturere) mu gihugu hose, hamwe n'ububiko ndetse n'umusaruro ukurikirana mbere ku isi. Hariho uduce 195 ducukura amabuye y'agaciro afite ibigega byagaragaye mu Bushinwa, hamwe byemejwe ko umutungo wa toni miliyoni 390 z'amabuye y'agaciro. Kuva mu ntara (mukarere) ikwirakwizwa rya barite, Intara ya Guizhou ifite ibirombe byinshi bya barite, bingana na 34% byigihugu cyose; Hunan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi n'izindi ntara (uturere) zifata umwanya wa kabiri. Intara eshanu zavuzwe haruguru zingana na 80% byigihugu. Ubwoko bwo kubitsa ahanini ni ubutayu, bingana na 60% byububiko bwose. Mubyongeyeho, hariho nuburyo bugenzurwa (endogenetike), ubutayu bwibirunga, hydrothermal, hamwe nikirere (ahantu hasigaye). Igihe cyo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro cyari mu bihe bya Paleozoic, kandi ububiko bwa barite nabwo bwashizweho mu gihe cya Cenozoic ya Sinian na Mesozoic.

Ibiranga amabuye y'agaciro ya Barite mu Bushinwa

Uhereye ku bwinshi, amabuye y'agaciro ya barite mu Bushinwa akwirakwizwa cyane mu karere ko hagati; Ukurikije amanota, amabuye y'agaciro hafi ya yose yibanze cyane muri Guizhou na Guangxi; Urebye igipimo cyo kubitsa amabuye y'agaciro, Ubushinwa bubitsa barite ni bunini kandi buciriritse. Gusa ibice bibiri byubucukuzi bwa Guizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian na Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi bingana na kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibigega biri muri utwo turere. Akenshi, ubwoko bumwe bwa barite nubwoko bwibanze bwamabuye y'agaciro, kandi imyunyu ngugu hamwe nuburinganire bwimiti biroroshye kandi byera, nkibirombe bya barite ya Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi. Mubyongeyeho, hari nububiko bunini bwa co hamwe namabuye y'agaciro ashobora gukoreshwa neza.

4 process Uburyo bwo kubyara barium

1. Gutegura kwabarium

Umusaruro wa bariyumu ya metallic mu nganda urimo intambwe ebyiri: kubyara oxyde ya barium no gukora barium metallic binyuze mu kugabanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro (kugabanya aluminothermic).

(1) Gutegurabariumoxyde

Amabuye meza ya barite yambere abanza gutoranya intoki no guhinduranya, bigakurikirwa no gukuramo ibyuma na silikoni kugirango ubone intumbero irimo ibice birenga 96%bariumsulfate. Kuvanga ifu ya minerval hamwe nubunini buke buri munsi ya mesh 20 hamwe namakara cyangwa ifu ya kokiya ya peteroli muburemere bwa 4: 1, na calcine kuri 1100 ℃ mu itanura ryisubiraho.Bariumsulfate igabanuka kuri barium sulfide (bakunze kwita “ivu ry'umukara”), ikoherezwa n'amazi ashyushye kugirango ibone igisubizo cya barium sulfide. Kugirango uhindure barium sulfide mu mvura ya bariyumu ya karubone, ni ngombwa kongeramo sodium karubone cyangwa kwinjiza dioxyde de carbone mu gisubizo cy’amazi ya barium sulfide. Kuvanga barium karubone hamwe nifu ya karubone na calcine hejuru ya 800 ℃ kugirango ubone oxyde ya barium. Twabibutsa ko oxyde ya barium oxydeize ikora barium peroxide kuri 500-700 and, na barium peroxide irashobora kubora kugirango ikorebariumoxyde kuri 700-800 ℃. Kubwibyo, kugirango wirinde gukora barium peroxide, ibicuruzwa bibarwa bigomba gukonjeshwa cyangwa kuzimwa mukurinda gaze inert.

(2) Umusaruro wabarium icyumanuburyo bwo kugabanya aluminothermic

Hano hari reaction ebyiri zo kugabanya aluminium yabariumoxyde kubera ibintu bitandukanye:

6BaO + 2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3 + 3Ba ↑

Cyangwa: 4BaO + 2Al → BaO • Al2O3 + 3Ba ↑

Ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 1000 na 1200 ℃, ibyo bitekerezo byombi bitanga bike cyanebarium, birakenewe rero gukoresha pompe vacuum kugirango uhore wimurabariumimyuka iva mukarere ka reaction kugera mukarere kegeranye kugirango reaction ikomeze iburyo. Ibisigara nyuma yo kubyitwaramo ni uburozi kandi birashobora gutabwa nyuma yo kuvurwa.

2. Gutegura ibimera bisanzwe

(1) Uburyo bwo gutegura bwabariumkarubone

Method Uburyo bwa Carbone

Uburyo bwa karubone burimo cyane cyane kuvanga barite namakara muburyo runaka, kubijanjagura mu itanura ryizunguruka, no guteka no kubigabanya kuri 1100-1200 ℃ kugirango babone sulfide ya barium. Dioxyde de Carbone yinjijwe muribariumsulfide igisubizo cya karubone, hamwe nababonyebariumkarubone ya slurry ikorerwa desulfurisation yo gukaraba no kuyungurura vacuum. Hanyuma, irumishwa kandi ijanjagurwa kuri 300 ℃ kugirango ibone ibicuruzwa bya karubone byuzuye. Ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe nababikora benshi bitewe nuburyo bworoshye nigiciro gito.

Method Uburyo bukomeye bwo kubora

Igicuruzwa cyanyuma cyabariumkarubone irashobora kuboneka muburyo bubiri bwangirika hagati ya barium sulfide na karubone ya amonium, cyangwa nigikorwa kiri hagati ya chloride ya barium na karubone ya potasiyumu. Ibicuruzwa bivamo noneho byogejwe, byungururwa, byumye, nibindi.

Law Amategeko akomeye ya peteroli

Ifu yuburozi bwamabuye yubumara ikorwa numunyu wa amonium kugirango ubashe gushongabariumumunyu, na karubone ya amonium ikoreshwa neza kugirango ikoreshwe. Gukemurabariumumunyu wongeyeho karubone ya amonium kugirango ugabanye karubone nziza yatunganijwe, iyungurura kandi yumishijwe kugirango itange umusaruro urangiye. Byongeye kandi, inzoga zababyeyi zabonetse zirashobora gutunganywa no gukoreshwa.

(2) Uburyo bwo gutegura bwabariumtitanate

Method Uburyo bukomeye

Bariumtitanate irashobora gutegurwa mukubarabariumkarubone na titanium dioxyde, ishobora gukopororwa nibindi bikoresho byose.

Method Uburyo bwo kwigana

Gutandukanabariumchloride na titanium tetrachloride mu ruvange rw'ibintu bingana, ubushyuhe bugera kuri 70 ° C, hanyuma ukareka aside ya oxyde kugirango ubone imvura ya hydratedbariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O]. Gukaraba, kuma, hanyuma pyrolysis kugirango ubone barium titanate.

(3) Uburyo bwo gutegura bwabariumchloride

Igikorwa cyo kubyaza umusarurobariumchloride ikubiyemo uburyo bwa aside hydrochloric,bariumuburyo bwa karubone, uburyo bwa calcium chloride, nuburyo bwa magnesium chloride ukurikije uburyo butandukanye cyangwa ibikoresho bibisi.

Method Uburyo bwa aside Hydrochloric.

②Bariumuburyo bwa karubone. Ikozwe mu ibuye ryumye (barium karubone) nk'ibikoresho fatizo.

Method Uburyo bwa calcium ya chloride. Kugabanya imvange ya barite na calcium chloride na karubone.

Mubyongeyeho, hariho uburyo bwa magnesium chloride. Byateguwe no kuvurabariumsulfide hamwe na chloride ya magnesium.