Hariho ubwoko bw'icyuma butangaje cyane. Mubuzima bwa buri munsi, igaragara muburyo bwamazi nka mercure. Niba ubiretse ku isafuriya, uzatungurwa no kubona ko icupa riba ryoroshye nkimpapuro, kandi rikavunika hamwe na poke gusa. Byongeye kandi, kuyijugunya ku byuma nkumuringa nicyuma nabyo bitera iki kibazo, gishobora kwitwa "ibyuma byangiza". Ni iki kibitera kugira ibintu nk'ibyo? Uyu munsi tuzinjira mwisi ya gallium.
1 element Ni ikihe kintuikigali
Ikintu cya Gallium kiri mugihe cya kane IIIA itsinda mumeza yibihe byibintu. Gushonga kwa gallium isukuye ni hasi cyane, 29,78 gusa but, ariko aho gutekera ni hejuru ya 2204.8 ℃. Mu ci, ibyinshi bibaho nkamazi kandi birashobora gushonga iyo bishyizwe mumikindo. Duhereye kumiterere yavuzwe haruguru, turashobora kumva ko gallium ishobora kwangiriza ibindi byuma neza kubera aho bishonga. Amazi ya gallium akora amavuta hamwe nibindi byuma, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu bitangaje byavuzwe mbere. Ibirimo mubutaka bwisi ni 0.001% gusa, kandi kubaho kwayo ntikwabonetse kugeza mumyaka 140 ishize. Mu 1871, umuhanga mu bya shimi w’Uburusiya Mendeleev yavuze mu ncamake imbonerahamwe y’ibihe kandi atangaza ko nyuma ya zinc, hari n'ikintu kiri munsi ya aluminium, gifite imiterere isa na aluminium kandi yitwa "aluminium nk'ibintu". Mu 1875, igihe umuhanga mu Bufaransa Bowabordland yiga amategeko agenga umurongo ugizwe n’ibintu bigize umuryango umwe, yasanze urumuri rudasanzwe muri sphalerite (ZnS), nuko asanga iyi “aluminium nkibintu”, hanyuma ayita izina ry’amavuko. Ubufaransa (Gaul, Ikilatini Gallia), hamwe nikimenyetso Ga kigereranya iki kintu, bityo gallium yabaye ikintu cya mbere cyahanuwe mumateka yubuvumbuzi bwa chimique, hanyuma ibona ikintu cyemejwe mubushakashatsi.
Gallium ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane mu Bushinwa, Ubudage, Ubufaransa, Ositaraliya, Kazakisitani ndetse no mu bindi bihugu byo ku isi, aho umutungo wa gallium w’Ubushinwa ufite ibice birenga 95% by’isi yose, ukaba ukwirakwizwa cyane cyane muri Shanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Henan, Guangxi n'ahandi [1]. Kubijyanye nubwoko bwo gukwirakwiza, Shanxi, Shandong nahandi hantu cyane cyane bibaho muri bauxite, Yunnan nahandi hantu mumabati, na Hunan nahandi biboneka cyane muri sphalerite. Mu ntangiriro yo kuvumbura ibyuma bya gallium, kubera kubura ubushakashatsi bujyanye no kuyishyira mu bikorwa, abantu bahoraga bemeza ko ari icyuma gifite ubushobozi buke. Nyamara, hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryamakuru hamwe nigihe cyingufu nshya nubuhanga buhanitse, ibyuma bya gallium byitabiriwe nkibikoresho byingenzi murwego rwamakuru, kandi ibyifuzo byayo nabyo byariyongereye cyane.
2 、 Gusaba Imirima ya Metal Gallium
1. Umwanya wa Semiconductor
Gallium ikoreshwa cyane mubijyanye nibikoresho bya semiconductor, hamwe na gallium arsenide (GaAs) ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane kandi ikoranabuhanga rikuze cyane. Nkumutwara wo gukwirakwiza amakuru, ibikoresho bya semiconductor bingana na 80% kugeza 85% byikoreshwa rya galiyo yose, ikoreshwa cyane mubitumanaho bidafite umugozi. Amashanyarazi ya Gallium arsenide arashobora kongera umuvuduko wo gutumanaho kugeza inshuro 100 kurenza imiyoboro ya 4G, ishobora kugira uruhare runini mukwinjira mugihe cya 5G. Byongeye kandi, gallium irashobora gukoreshwa nkubushyuhe bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe mu bikorwa bya semiconductor bitewe nubushyuhe bwayo, ubushyuhe buke, aho ubushyuhe bukabije, hamwe n’imikorere myiza. Gukoresha icyuma cya galiyo muburyo bwa gallium ishingiye kubikoresho byubushyuhe bwumuriro birashobora kunoza ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe nibikorwa bya elegitoroniki.
2. Imirasire y'izuba
Iterambere ryimirasire yizuba ryavuye mumirasire y'izuba ya monocrystalline ya silicon kare igera kuri polycrystalline silicon yoroheje ya selile. Bitewe nigiciro kinini cya polycrystalline silicon yoroheje ya firime, abashakashatsi bavumbuye umuringa indium gallium selenium thin film (CIGS) mubikoresho bya semiconductor [3]. Ingirabuzimafatizo za CIGS zifite ibyiza byo kugabanura umusaruro muke, umusaruro mwinshi, hamwe nigipimo kinini cyo guhinduranya amashanyarazi, bityo bikagira iterambere ryagutse. Icyakabiri, gallium arsenide izuba rifite ibyiza byingenzi muburyo bwo guhindura ugereranije na selile yoroheje ikozwe mubindi bikoresho. Nyamara, kubera ikiguzi kinini cyibikoresho bya gallium arsenide, kuri ubu bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kirere no mubisirikare.
3. Ingufu za hydrogen
Hamwe no kurushaho kumenya ikibazo cy’ingufu ku isi hose, abantu barashaka gusimbuza ingufu zitavugururwa, ingufu za hydrogène zikaba zigaragara. Nyamara, igiciro kinini numutekano muke wo kubika hydrogène no gutwara abantu bibangamira iterambere ryikoranabuhanga. Nkikintu cyinshi cyane mubyuma, aluminiyumu irashobora gufata amazi kugirango itange hydrogène mubihe bimwe na bimwe, nigikoresho cyiza cyo kubika hydrogène, Nyamara, kubera okiside yoroshye yubuso bwa aluminium yicyuma kugirango ikore firime yuzuye ya aluminium oxyde , ibuza abantu kubyitwaramo, abashakashatsi basanze icyuma cyo hasi cyo gushonga icyuma cya gallium gishobora gukora umusemburo hamwe na aluminiyumu, kandi gallium irashobora gushonga hejuru ya aluminiyumu oxyde ya oxyde, bigatuma reaction ikomeza [4], kandi galiyo yicyuma irashobora gutunganywa kandi yongeye gukoreshwa. Gukoresha ibikoresho bya aluminium gallium bikemura cyane ikibazo cyo gutegura byihuse no kubika neza no gutwara ingufu za hydrogène, kuzamura umutekano, ubukungu, no kurengera ibidukikije.
4. Ubuvuzi
Gallium ikunze gukoreshwa mubuvuzi kubera imiterere yihariye yimirasire, ishobora gukoreshwa mugushushanya no guhagarika ibibyimba bibi. Ibibyimba bya Gallium bifite ibikorwa bya antifungal na antibacterial, kandi amaherezo bigera kuri sterisizione bibangamira metabolism. Kandi amavuta ya gallium arashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibipimo bya termometero, nka gallium indium tin thermometero, ubwoko bushya bwibyuma byamazi byamazi bifite umutekano, bidafite uburozi, kandi bitangiza ibidukikije, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa mugusimbuza ibipimo bya mercure yuburozi. Mubyongeyeho, igipimo runaka cya gallium gishingiye ku mavuta asimbuza ifeza gakondo ya silver kandi ikoreshwa mubuvuzi nkibikoresho bishya byuzuza amenyo.
3 out Outlook
Nubwo Ubushinwa ari kimwe mu bitanga umusaruro wa galiyo ku isi, haracyari ibibazo byinshi mu nganda za galiyo y'Ubushinwa. Bitewe nibirimo bike bya gallium nkamabuye y'agaciro yaherekejwe, inganda zitanga ikigali ziratatanye, kandi hariho isano ridakomeye murwego rwinganda. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bufite umwanda ukabije w’ibidukikije, kandi ubushobozi bw’umusaruro wa gallium ifite isuku nke usanga ufite intege nke cyane cyane ushingiye ku kohereza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ku giciro gito no gutumiza mu mahanga ku giciro cyo hejuru. Ariko, hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nikoranabuhanga, kuzamura imibereho yabantu, hamwe nogukoresha cyane gallium mubijyanye namakuru ningufu, icyifuzo cya gali nacyo kiziyongera vuba. Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya galerium isukuye cyane byanze bikunze bizagira imbogamizi ku iterambere ry’inganda mu Bushinwa. Gutezimbere tekinolojiya mishya bifite akamaro kanini mugushikira iterambere ryiza rya siyanse n'ikoranabuhanga mubushinwa.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Gicurasi-17-2023