Uburayi, ikimenyetso ni Eu, numero ya Atomic ni 63. Nkumunyamuryango usanzwe wa Lanthanide, europium isanzwe ifite + 3, ariko ogisijeni + 2 na yo irasanzwe. Hano hari ibice bike bya europium hamwe na valence leta ya + 2. Ugereranije n’ibindi byuma biremereye, europium nta ngaruka nini y’ibinyabuzima ifite kandi ntabwo ari uburozi. Porogaramu nyinshi za europium zikoresha fosifore yibintu bya Europium. Europium ni kimwe mu bintu bike cyane mu isanzure; Habaho hafi 5 gusa mubisanzure × 10-8% byibintu ni europium.
Europium ibaho muri monazite
Ivumburwa rya Europium
Iyi nkuru itangira mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19: muri icyo gihe, abahanga mu bya siyansi batangiye kuzuza imyanya yari isigaye mu mbonerahamwe ya Mendeleev basesenguye ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Mubitekerezo byuyu munsi, aka kazi ntago kugoye, kandi umunyeshuri wiga mucyiciro cya mbere arashobora kurangiza; Ariko muri kiriya gihe, abahanga bari bafite ibikoresho bifite ibisobanuro bike kandi byintangarugero bigoye kwezwa. Kubwibyo, mumateka yose yubuvumbuzi bwa Lanthanide, abavumbuye "quasi" bose bakomeje kuvuga ibinyoma no gutongana.
Mu 1885, Sir William Crookes yavumbuye ikimenyetso cya mbere ariko kidasobanutse neza cyibintu 63: yabonye umurongo utukura (609 nm) muburyo bwa samarium. Hagati ya 1892 na 1893, uwavumbuye gallium, samariyumu, na dysprosium, Paul é mile LeCoq de Boisbaudran, yemeje iri tsinda maze avumbura irindi tsinda ry'icyatsi (535 nm).
Ubukurikira, mu 1896, Eug è ne Anatole Demar ç ayihanganye yatandukanije okiside ya samarium kandi yemeza ko havumbuwe ikintu gishya kidasanzwe kiri hagati ya samariyumu na gadolinium. Yatandukanije neza iki kintu mu 1901, agaragaza iherezo ryurugendo rwo kuvumbura: "Ndizera ko tuzita iki kintu gishya cyitwa Europium, hamwe n'ikimenyetso cya Eu hamwe na misa ya Atome igera kuri 151."
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f7
Nubwo ubusanzwe europium ari ntoya, ikunda gukora ibice bitandukanye. Iyi phenomenon itandukanye no gushiraho + 3 valence compound na Lanthanide nyinshi. Uburinganire bwa europium bufite ibice bya elegitoronike ya 4f7, kuko igice cyuzuye f shell itanga ituze ryinshi, kandi europium (II) na barium (II) birasa. Uburinganire bwa europium nibintu byoroheje bigabanya okiside mu kirere kugirango bibe urusobe rwa europium (III). Mubihe bya anaerobic, cyane cyane ubushyuhe, europium ihwanye irahagaze bihagije kandi ikunda kwinjizwa muri calcium nandi mabuye yubutaka ya alkaline. Ubu buryo bwo guhanahana ion ni ishingiro rya "negative europium anomaly", ni ukuvuga, ugereranije n'ubwinshi bwa Chondrite, amabuye y'agaciro ya lanthanide nka monazite afite europium nkeya. Ugereranije na monazite, bastnaesite ikunze kwerekana europium nkeya nkeya, bityo bastnaesite nayo soko nyamukuru ya europium.
Europium ni icyuma cyijimye cyicyuma gifite aho gishonga cya 822 ° C, aho kibira cya 1597 ° C, nubucucike bwa 5.2434 g / cm ³； Nibintu bito cyane, byoroshye, kandi bihindagurika mubintu bidasanzwe byisi. Europium nicyuma gikora cyane mubintu bidasanzwe byisi: mubushyuhe bwicyumba, ihita itakaza urumuri rwicyuma mukirere kandi ihita ihinduka okiside ifu; Koresha cyane n'amazi akonje kugirango ubyare gaze ya hydrogen; Europium irashobora kwitwara hamwe na boron, karubone, sulfure, fosifore, hydrogen, azote, nibindi.
Ikoreshwa rya Europium
Europium sulfate isohora fluorescence itukura munsi yumucyo ultraviolet
Georges Urbain, umusore w’imiti w’imiti w’indashyikirwa, yarazwe igikoresho cya Spectroscopy ya Demar ç ay maze asanga urugero rwa oxyde ya Yttrium (III) yometse kuri europium yasohoye itara ritukura cyane mu 1906. Iyi ni intangiriro yurugendo rurerure rwibikoresho bya fosifore yiburayi - ntibikoreshwa gusa mu gusohora itara ritukura gusa, ahubwo n'umucyo w'ubururu, kubera ko imyuka yohereza imyuka ya Eu2 + igwa muri uru rwego.
Fosifore igizwe na Eu3 + itukura, icyatsi kibisi Tb3 +, nubururu bwa Eu2 +, cyangwa ikomatanya ryayo, irashobora guhindura urumuri ultraviolet mumucyo ugaragara. Ibi bikoresho bigira uruhare runini mubikoresho bitandukanye kwisi: X-ray yongerera ingufu ecran, cathode ray tubes cyangwa plasma ya plasma, hamwe n'amatara ya vuba azigama ingufu za fluorescent hamwe na diode itanga urumuri.
Ingaruka ya fluorescence ya europium trivalent irashobora kandi gukangurwa na molekile ya aromatic organic, kandi izo nganda zirashobora gukoreshwa mubihe bitandukanye bisaba sensibilité nyinshi, nka wino yo kurwanya impimbano na barcode.
Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980, europium yagize uruhare runini mu gusesengura biofarmaceutical yifashishije uburyo bukonje bwa fluorescence. Mu bitaro byinshi na laboratoire z'ubuvuzi, isesengura nk'iryo ryabaye akamenyero. Mu bushakashatsi bwa siyanse yubuzima, harimo amashusho y’ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima bya fluorescent bikozwe muri europium nizindi Lanthanide zirahari hose. Ku bw'amahirwe, ikiro kimwe cya europium kirahagije kugira ngo gishyigikire hafi miliyari imwe - nyuma yuko guverinoma y'Ubushinwa iherutse kugabanya ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bidasanzwe, ibihugu byateye imbere mu nganda byatewe no kubura ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi ntibigomba guhangayikishwa n'iterabwoba nk'iryo rishobora gukoreshwa.
Europium oxyde ikoreshwa nka fosifori yohereza ibyuka muri sisitemu nshya yo gusuzuma indwara ya X-ray. Okiside ya Europium irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora linzira yamabara hamwe na filteri ya optoelectronic, kubikoresho byo kubika magnetiki bubble, no mubikoresho byo kugenzura, ibikoresho bikingira, nibikoresho byubaka bya reaction ya atome. Kuberako atome zayo zishobora gukuramo neutron nyinshi kuruta ikindi kintu icyo aricyo cyose, ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kwinjiza neutron muri reaction ya atome.
Muri iki gihe isi igenda yiyongera cyane, ikoreshwa rya europium riherutse kuvumburwa rishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku buhinzi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavumbuye ko plastiki zometse kuri europium ihwanye n'umuringa utagereranywa bishobora guhindura igice cya ultraviolet cy'urumuri rw'izuba mu mucyo ugaragara. Iyi nzira ni icyatsi rwose (ni amabara yuzuye yumutuku). Gukoresha ubu bwoko bwa plastike mukubaka pariki birashobora gutuma ibimera bikurura urumuri rugaragara kandi byongera umusaruro wibihingwa hafi 10%.
Europium irashobora kandi gukoreshwa kuri kwant yibuka chip, ishobora kubika amakuru yizewe muminsi myinshi icyarimwe. Ibi birashobora gutuma amakuru yimibare abikwa mubikoresho bisa na disiki ikomeye kandi byoherezwa mu gihugu hose.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-27-2023