Mwisi yubumaji ya chimie,bariumyamye nantaryo yakwegereye abahanga hamwe nubwiza bwayo budasanzwe kandi bukoreshwa. Nubwo iki cyuma-cyera cyuma kitagaragara neza nka zahabu cyangwa ifeza, gifite uruhare rukomeye mubice byinshi. Kuva mubikoresho bisobanutse muri laboratoire yubushakashatsi kugeza ku bikoresho fatizo mu musaruro w’inganda kugeza reagent yo kwisuzumisha mu buvuzi, barium yanditse umugani wa chimie n'imiterere yihariye n'imikorere.
Nko mu 1602, Cassio Lauro, inkweto mu mujyi wa Porra mu Butaliyani, yatetse barite irimo sulfate ya barium irimo ibintu bishobora gutwikwa mu bushakashatsi maze atungurwa no kubona ko ishobora gucana mu mwijima. Ubu buvumbuzi bwashishikaje cyane intiti muri kiriya gihe, kandi ibuye ryiswe Porra ibuye kandi ryibanze ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abahanga mu bya shimi bo mu Burayi.
Nyamara, umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Suwede Scheele ni we wemeje rwose ko barium ari ikintu gishya. Yavumbuye oxyde ya barium mu 1774 ayita “Baryta” (isi iremereye). Yize ibi bintu byimbitse kandi yizera ko bigizwe nubutaka bushya (oxyde) buvanze na aside sulfurike. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, yashyutswe neza nitrate yubutaka bushya maze abona okiside nziza.
Nubwo, nubwo Scheele yavumbuye oxyde ya barium, kugeza mu 1808 ni bwo umuhanga mu bya shimi w’Ubwongereza Davy yabyaye icyuma cya barium akoresheje electrolyte yakozwe na barite. Ubu buvumbuzi bwaranze kwemeza barium nkibintu byuma, kandi byanafunguye urugendo rwo gukoresha barium mubice bitandukanye.
Kuva icyo gihe, abantu bakomeje kurushaho gusobanukirwa na barium. Abahanga bakoze ubushakashatsi ku mayobera ya kamere kandi bateza imbere iterambere rya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga biga ku miterere n’imyitwarire ya barium. Ikoreshwa rya barium mubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, inganda, nubuvuzi nabwo bwarushijeho kwiyongera, bizana ubworoherane no guhumurizwa mubuzima bwabantu.Icyiza cya barium ntabwo kiri mubikorwa byayo gusa, ahubwo no mubanga rya siyansi iri inyuma yacyo. Abahanga bakomeje gukora ubushakashatsi ku mayobera ya kamere kandi bateza imbere iterambere rya siyanse n'ikoranabuhanga biga ku miterere n'imyitwarire ya barium. Mugihe kimwe, barium nayo irimo guceceka igira uruhare mubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi, izana ibyoroshye no guhumurizwa mubuzima bwacu.
Reka dutangire murugendo rwubumaji rwo gushakisha barium, dushyire ahagaragara umwenda wacyo utangaje, kandi dushimire ubwiza bwihariye. Mu kiganiro gikurikira, tuzasobanura byimazeyo imiterere nimikoreshereze ya barium, hamwe nuruhare runini mubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, inganda, nubuvuzi. Nizera ko usomye iyi ngingo, uzagira ubumenyi bwimbitse n'ubumenyi bwa barium.
1. Gukoresha imirima ya barium
Barium nikintu gisanzwe cyimiti. Nicyuma cya silver-cyera kibaho muburyo bwamabuye y'agaciro atandukanye. Ibikurikira nuburyo bukoreshwa buri munsi bwa barium
Gutwika na luminescence: Barium nicyuma gikora cyane gitanga urumuri rwinshi iyo ruhuye na ammonia cyangwa ogisijeni. Ibi bituma barium ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nko gucana umuriro, gucana, no gukora fosifore.
Inganda zubuvuzi: Ibikoresho bya Barium nabyo bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byubuvuzi. Ifunguro rya Barium (nkibinini bya barium) bikoreshwa mugupima gastrointestinal X-ray kugirango bifashe abaganga kureba imikorere yimikorere yigifu. Ibikoresho bya Barium bikoreshwa no mubuvuzi bumwe na bumwe bwa radio, nka iyode ya radio ikora mu kuvura indwara ya tiroyide.
Ikirahure na Ceramics: Ibimera bya Barium bikoreshwa kenshi mubirahuri no mubukorikori kubera aho bishonga neza no kurwanya ruswa. Ibimera bya Barium birashobora kongera ubukana nimbaraga zubutaka kandi birashobora gutanga ibintu byihariye byububumbyi, nkumuriro wamashanyarazi hamwe nubushakashatsi bukabije.
Amavuta avanze: Barium irashobora gukora ibinyobwa hamwe nibindi byuma, kandi ibyo bivanga bifite imiterere yihariye. Kurugero, barium alloys irashobora kongera gushonga kwa aluminium na magnesium, byoroshye kubitunganya no kuyitera. Mubyongeyeho, barium alloys ifite imiterere ya magnetique nayo ikoreshwa mugukora amasahani ya batiri nibikoresho bya magneti.
Barium ni ikintu cyimiti ifite ikimenyetso cyimiti Ba na atome nimero 56. Barium nicyuma cyubutaka bwa alkaline kiri mumatsinda ya 6 yimeza yibihe, ibyingenzi byingenzi.
2. Ibintu bifatika bya barium
Barium (Ba)ni icyuma cya alkaline yisi. 1. Kugaragara: Barium nicyuma cyoroshye, cyuma cya silver-cyera gifite urumuri rwihariye iyo ruciwe.
2. Ubucucike: Barium ifite ubucucike buri hejuru ya 3.5 g / cm³. Ni kimwe mu byuma byimbitse ku isi.
3. Gushonga no guteka: Ingingo yo gushonga ya barium igera kuri 727 ° C naho aho itetse ni 1897 ° C.
4. Gukomera: Barium nicyuma cyoroshye ugereranije gifite Mohs ubukana bwa 1.25 kuri dogere selisiyusi 20.
5. Umuyoboro: Barium nuyobora neza amashanyarazi afite amashanyarazi menshi.
6. Guhindagurika: Nubwo barium ari icyuma cyoroshye, ifite urwego runaka rwo guhindagurika kandi irashobora gutunganyirizwa mumabati yoroheje cyangwa insinga.
7. Ibikorwa bya shimi: Barium ntabwo ikora cyane hamwe nubutare bwinshi hamwe nibyuma byinshi mubushyuhe bwicyumba, ariko ikora oxyde mubushyuhe bwinshi no mwikirere. Irashobora gukora ibice hamwe nibintu byinshi bidafite ubutare, nka oxyde, sulfide, nibindi.
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10. kora ikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi.
3. Imiterere yimiti ya barium
Ibintu byuma: Barium nicyuma gikomeye gifite isura yera-yera kandi itwara amashanyarazi meza.
Ubucucike no gushonga: Barium nikintu gisa nubucucike bwa 3.51 g / cm3. Barium ifite ubushyuhe buke bwa dogere selisiyusi 727 (dogere 1341 Fahrenheit).
Ibikorwa: Barium ikora vuba hamwe nibintu byinshi bitari ubutare, cyane cyane hamwe na halogene (nka chlorine na bromine), ikabyara ibibyimba bihuye. Kurugero, barium ikora hamwe na chlorine kugirango itange barium chloride.
Oxidizability: Barium irashobora kuba okiside kugirango ibeho oxyde. Barium oxyde ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nko gushonga ibyuma no gukora ibirahure. Igikorwa kinini: Barium ifite ibikorwa byinshi bya chimique kandi byoroshye gufata amazi kugirango irekure hydrogene kandi itange hydroxide ya barium.
4. Ibinyabuzima bya barium
Uruhare nibinyabuzima byabariummu binyabuzima ntibisobanutse neza, ariko birazwi ko barium ifite ubumara runaka kubinyabuzima.
Inzira yo gufata: Abantu cyane cyane barya barium binyuze mu biryo n'amazi yo kunywa. Ibiryo bimwe bishobora kuba birimo urugero rwa barium, nk'ibinyampeke, inyama, n'ibikomoka ku mata. Byongeye kandi, amazi yubutaka rimwe na rimwe arimo ibinini byinshi bya barium.
Kwinjiza ibinyabuzima na metabolism: Barium irashobora kwinjizwa n’ibinyabuzima hanyuma igakwirakwizwa mu mubiri binyuze mu gutembera kw'amaraso. Barium yegeranya cyane mu mpyiko no mu magufa, cyane cyane mu magufa menshi.
Imikorere yibinyabuzima: Barium itaraboneka ko ifite ibikorwa byingenzi bya physiologique mubinyabuzima. Kubwibyo, imikorere yibinyabuzima ya barium ikomeje kutavugwaho rumwe.
5. Ibinyabuzima bya barium
Uburozi: Ubunini bwinshi bwa barium ion cyangwa ibibyimba bya barium ni uburozi kumubiri wumuntu. Kunywa cyane barium birashobora gutera ibimenyetso byuburozi bukabije, harimo kuruka, impiswi, intege nke z imitsi, kurwara nabi, nibindi. Uburozi bukabije bushobora gutera sisitemu yimitsi, kwangirika kwimpyiko nibibazo byumutima.
Kwiyegeranya amagufwa: Barium irashobora kwirundanya mumagufwa mumubiri wumuntu, cyane cyane mubasaza. Kumara igihe kinini guhura na barium bishobora gutera indwara zamagufwa nka osteoporose.
Ingaruka z'umutima n'imitsi: Barium, kimwe na sodium, irashobora kubangamira uburinganire bwa ion n'ibikorwa by'amashanyarazi, bigira ingaruka kumikorere yumutima. Kunywa cyane barium birashobora gutera injyana idasanzwe yumutima kandi bikongera ibyago byo kurwara umutima.
Carcinogenicity: Nubwo hakiri impaka zijyanye na kanseri ya bariyumu, ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwerekanye ko kumara igihe kirekire guhura na bariyumu bishobora kongera ibyago bya kanseri zimwe na zimwe, nka kanseri yo mu gifu na kanseri yo mu nda. Bitewe n'uburozi hamwe n’akaga gashobora guterwa na barium, abantu bagomba kwitonda kugirango birinde gufata cyane cyangwa igihe kirekire guhura na barium nyinshi. Ibibari bya Barium mumazi yo kunywa nibiryo bigomba gukurikiranwa no kugenzurwa kugirango birinde ubuzima bwabantu. Niba ukeka uburozi cyangwa ufite ibimenyetso bifitanye isano, nyamuneka shaka ubuvuzi bwihuse.
6. Barium muri Kamere
Amabuye y'agaciro ya Barium: Barium irashobora kubaho mubutaka bwisi muburyo bwamabuye y'agaciro. Amabuye y'agaciro ya barium asanzwe arimo barite na witherite. Aya mabuye akunze kugaragara hamwe nandi mabuye y'agaciro, nka gurş, zinc, na silver.
Kumeneka mumazi yubutaka nubutare: Barium irashobora kubaho mumazi yubutaka nubutare muburyo bwashonze. Amazi yo mu butaka arimo urugero rwa bariyumu yashonze, kandi ubunini bwayo buterwa n’imiterere ya geologiya hamwe n’imiti y’umubiri w’amazi. Umunyu wa Barium: Barium irashobora gukora imyunyu itandukanye, nka barium chloride, nitrate ya barium na karubone ya barium. Izi mvange zirashobora kubaho muri kamere nkamabuye y'agaciro.
Ibiri mu butaka:BariumIrashobora kubaho mubutaka muburyo butandukanye, bumwe muribwo buturuka kumyuka ya minerval naturel cyangwa amabuye. Ibiri muri bariyumu mubutaka mubisanzwe ni bike, ariko hashobora kuba ibibari byinshi bya bariyumu mubice runaka.
Twabibutsa ko imiterere n'ibirimo bya barium bishobora gutandukana mubidukikije ndetse no mukarere, bityo imiterere yihariye ya geologiya na geologiya igomba kwitabwaho mugihe muganira kuri barium.
7. Ubucukuzi bwa Barium n'umusaruro
Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gutegura barium mubusanzwe burimo intambwe zikurikira:
1. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ya barium: Minerval nyamukuru yubutare bwa barium ni barite, izwi kandi nka barium sulfate. Ubusanzwe iboneka mubutaka bwisi kandi ikwirakwizwa cyane mubutare hamwe nubutare bwamabuye yisi. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro busanzwe bukubiyemo inzira nko guturika, gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, kumenagura no gutondekanya amabuye kugira ngo ubone amabuye arimo sulfate ya barium.
2. Gutegura intumbero: Gukuramo barium mu bucukuzi bwa barium bisaba kuvura ubutare. Gutegura kwibanda mubisanzwe bikubiyemo guhitamo intoki hamwe na flotation intambwe zo gukuraho umwanda no kubona ubutare burimo 96% barium sulfate.
3. Gutegura barium sulfate: Ibiterwa biterwa nintambwe nko gukuraho ibyuma na silikoni kugirango amaherezo ibone sulfate (BaSO4).
4. Gutegura barium sulfide: Kugirango utegure barium muri sulfate ya barium, sulfate ya barium igomba guhinduka muri sulfide ya barium, izwi kandi ku ivu ryirabura. Ifu ya Barium sulfate ifu yubunini buke buri munsi ya mesh 20 isanzwe ivangwa namakara cyangwa ifu ya kokiya ya peteroli muburemere bwa 4: 1. Uruvange rutetse kuri 1100 ℃ mu itanura ryisubiraho, kandi sulfate ya barium igabanuka kuri sulfide ya barium.
5. Gushonga barium sulfide: Barium sulfide yumuti wa barium sulfate irashobora kuboneka mumazi ashyushye.
6. Nyuma yo kuvanga barium karubone nifu ya karubone, kubara hejuru ya 800 ℃ bishobora kubyara oxyde ya barium.
7. Gukonjesha no gutunganya: Twabibutsa ko oxyde ya barium ihumeka kugirango ibeho peroxide kuri 500-700 and, na barium peroxide irashobora kubora kugirango ibe oxyde ya barium kuri 700-800 ℃. Kugirango wirinde umusaruro wa barium peroxide, ibicuruzwa bibarwa bigomba gukonjeshwa cyangwa kuzimya kurinda gaze ya inert.
Ibyavuzwe haruguru nuburyo rusange bwo gucukura no gutegura ibintu bya barium. Izi nzira zirashobora gutandukana bitewe nibikorwa byinganda nibikoresho, ariko amahame rusange akomeza kuba umwe. Barium nicyuma cyingenzi cyinganda zikoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye, harimo inganda zimiti, ubuvuzi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nizindi nzego.
8. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutahura kubintu bya barium
Bariumni ikintu gisanzwe gikoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye byinganda nubumenyi. Muri chimie yisesengura, uburyo bwo kumenya barium mubisanzwe burimo isesengura ryujuje ubuziranenge hamwe nisesengura ryinshi. Ibikurikira nintangiriro irambuye kuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gutahura kubintu bya barium:
1. Igisubizo cyicyitegererezo cyatewe mumuriro, kandi atome ya barium ikurura urumuri rwumurongo wihariye. Ubukomezi bwurumuri rwakiriwe burapimwa kandi buringaniye nubunini bwa barium.
2. Ugereranije na FAAS, FAES ikoreshwa mugutahura ibice byo hasi ya barium.
3. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AAS): Ubu buryo busa na FAAS, ariko bukoresha fluorescence spectrometer kugirango hamenyekane ko barium ihari. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugupima urugero rwa barium.
4. Ion Chromatography: Ubu buryo bukwiriye gusesengura barium mu byitegererezo by'amazi. Iyoni ya Barium iratandukanye kandi igaragazwa na ion chromatografiya. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ubunini bwa barium mubitegererezo byamazi.
5. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF): Ubu ni uburyo bwo gusesengura budasenya bukwiranye no kumenya barium mu byitegererezo bikomeye. Icyitegererezo kimaze gushimishwa na X-ray, atome ya barium isohora fluorescence yihariye, kandi ibibari bigenwa no gupima ubukana bwa fluorescence.
6. Mass Spectrometry: Mass spectrometrie irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango umenye isotopic igizwe na barium no kumenya ibiri muri barium. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gusesengura cyane kandi burashobora kumenya ubukana bwa barium. Hejuru hari uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kumenya barium. Uburyo bwihariye bwo guhitamo bushingiye kumiterere yicyitegererezo, urwego rwibanze rwa barium, nintego yisesengura. Niba ukeneye andi makuru cyangwa ufite ibindi bibazo, nyamuneka umbwire. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane muri laboratoire ninganda kugirango bipime neza kandi byizewe no kumenya ahari na concentration ya barium. Uburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha buterwa nubwoko bwikitegererezo bugomba gupimwa, intera yibirimo barium, nintego yihariye yisesengura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-09-2024