Amakuru - Ikintu cya holmium ni iki?

1. Kuvumbura Ibintu bya Holmium
Mosander amaze gutandukanaerbiumnaterbiumKuvayttriummu 1842, abahanga mu bya shimi benshi bakoresheje isesengura ryerekanwa kugirango babamenye kandi bemeza ko atari oxyde nziza yikintu, cyashishikarizaga abahanga mu bya shimi gukomeza kubatandukanya. Nyuma yo gutandukanaytterbium oxydenaokisidena ytterbium oxyde, Cliff yatandukanije oxyde ebyiri nshya yibintu mu 1879. Umwe muribo yitwaga holmium kugirango yibuke aho Cliff yavukiye, izina rya kera ryikilatini rya Stockholm, umurwa mukuru wa Suwede, Holmia, nikimenyetso cya Ho. Nyuma, mu 1886, Boisbodran yatandukanije ikindi kintu na holmium, ariko izina rya holmium ryagumishijwe. Hamwe no kuvumbura holmium hamwe nibindi bintu bidasanzwe byubutaka, ikindi gice cya gatatu cyicyiciro cya gatatu cyo kuvumbura ibintu bidasanzwe byisi byarangiye.

2. Ibintu bifatika bya holmium
Holmium nicyuma cyera cya silver, cyoroshye kandi gihindagurika; gushonga 1474 ° C, ingingo itetse 2695 ° C, ubucucike 8.7947g / cm³. Holmium itajegajega mu kirere cyumye kandi igahindura vuba ubushyuhe bwinshi;okisideni ibintu bizwi cyane bya paramagnetic. Ibikoresho bya Holmium birashobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera kubikoresho bishya bya ferromagnetiki;iodideikoreshwa mugukora amatara ya halide - amatara ya holmium. Irahagaze mu kirere cyumutse ku bushyuhe bwicyumba kandi byoroshye okiside mu kirere cyinshi no ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Irinde guhura n'umwuka, okiside, aside, halogene, n'amazi meza. Irekura imyuka yaka iyo ihuye namazi; irashobora gushonga muri acide organique. Irahagaze neza mumuyaga wumye mubushyuhe bwicyumba, ariko okiside vuba mumyuka yubushyuhe no hejuru yubushyuhe bwicyumba. Ifite imiti ikora. Yangirika buhoro. Irashobora guhuza nibintu hafi ya byose bitari ibyuma. Irahari muri yttrium silikatike, monazite nandi mabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe. Ikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya magnetique.

3. Imiterere yimiti ya holmium
Irahagaze mu kirere cyumutse ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, kandi byoroshye okiside mu kirere cyinshi no ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Irinde guhura n'umwuka, okiside, aside, halogene, n'amazi meza. Irekura imyuka yaka iyo ihuye namazi; ishonga muri acide organique. Irahagaze neza mumyuka yumushuhe mubushyuhe bwicyumba, ariko okiside byihuse mumyuka yubushyuhe no hejuru yubushyuhe bwicyumba. Ifite imiti ikora. Buhoro buhoro ibora amazi. Irashobora guhuzwa nibintu hafi ya byose bitari ibyuma. Irahari muri yttrium silikatike, monazite nandi mabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe. Ikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya magnetique. Kimwe na dysprosium, ni icyuma gishobora gukuramo neutron ikorwa no gusohora kirimbuzi. Mu reaction ya kirimbuzi, ihora yaka ku ruhande rumwe kandi ikagenzura umuvuduko w’urunigi ku rundi ruhande. Ibisobanuro by'ibintu: Ifite urumuri rwinshi. Irashobora kwitwara buhoro n'amazi hanyuma igashonga muri acide ya dilute. Umunyu ni umuhondo. Okiside Ho2O2 ni icyatsi kibisi. Irashonga muri acide minerval kugirango itange imyunyu ngugu ya ion yumunyu. Inkomoko yibintu: Byakozwe mukugabanyaHolmium fluorideHoF3 · 2H2O hamwe na calcium.
Imvange
(1)Okiside ya Holmiumni umweru kandi ifite ibice bibiri: bishingiye ku mubiri kubic na monoclinic. Ho2O3 niyo oxyde ihamye. Imiterere yimiti nuburyo bwo gutegura birasa nubwa oxyde ya lanthanum. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora amatara ya holmium.
(2)Nitrate ya HolmiumInzira ya molekulari: Ho (NO3) 3 · 5H2O; Ubwinshi bwa molekulari: 441.02; Mubisanzwe byangiza gato kumubiri wamazi. Ntukemere ko ibicuruzwa bidahumanye cyangwa byinshi mubicuruzwa bihura namazi yubutaka, inzira zamazi cyangwa sisitemu yimyanda. Ntugatererane ibikoresho mubidukikije utabiherewe uburenganzira na leta.

4.Synthesis uburyo bwa holmium
1. Icyuma cya Holmiumirashobora kuboneka mugabanya anhydrousholmium trichloride or holmium trifluoridehamwe na calcium ya metani
2. Kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa Litiyumu yubutaka budasanzwe bwa chloride butandukanye no kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa calcium ya chloride yisi idasanzwe. Igabanuka ryambere ryakozwe mugice cya gaze. Imashini igabanya ubushyuhe bwa lithium igabanijwemo ibice bibiri byo gushyushya, kandi kugabanya no gusibanganya bikorwa mubikoresho bimwe. AnhydrousHolmium chlorideishyirwa muri reaktor yo hejuru ya titanium ikomeye (nanone urugereko rwa HoCl3 distillation chambre), naho kugabanya metallic lithium igabanya ishyirwa mugice cyo hasi. Hanyuma ikigega cyuma kitagira umwanda cyimurwa kuri 7Pa hanyuma kigashyuha. Iyo ubushyuhe bugeze kuri 1000 ℃, bugumishwa mugihe runaka kugirango wemerereHoCl3imyuka hamwe na lithium vapor kugirango ikore neza, kandi ibyuma bya holmium byagabanutse bigabanuka bigwa hasi cyane. Nyuma yo kugabanya reaction irangiye, gusa igikonjo cyo hasi kirashyuha kugirango kigabanye LiCl mumutwe wo hejuru. Igabanuka ryimyitwarire muri rusange ifata nka 10h. Kugirango habeho umusaruro mwiza wa holmium, kugabanya ibikoresho bya lithium bigabanya bigomba kuba 99,97% bya lisiyumu yera kandi hagomba gukoreshwa Hohyd3 ya Anhydrous kabiri.

5. Gukoresha Holmium

(1) Byakoreshejwe nk'inyongera kumatara ya halide. Amatara ya halide ni ubwoko bwamatara asohora gaze yakozwe ashingiye kumatara yumuvuduko mwinshi wa mercure. Ikiranga ni uko amatara yuzuyemo isi itandukanye idasanzwe. Ibyingenzi bikoreshwa ni iyode idasanzwe yisi, isohora amabara atandukanye iyo gaze isohotse. Ibintu bikora bikoreshwa mumatara ya holmium ni iodide ya holmium, ishobora kubona urugero rwinshi rwa atome yicyuma muri zone ya arc, bityo bikazamura cyane imikorere yimirasire.

(2) Holmium irashobora gukoreshwa nk'inyongera ya yttrium fer cyangwa garnet ya yttrium aluminium;

. Igipimo cyo kwinjiza cya 2μm lazeri nuduce twabantu ni kinini, hafi ya 3 yubunini burenze ubwa Hd: YAG. Kubwibyo, mugihe ukoresheje Ho: YAG laseri yo kubaga ubuvuzi, ntibishobora gusa kunoza imikorere nukuri kwokubaga, ariko kandi bigabanya aho kwangirika kwubushyuhe bugera kubito. Igiti cyubusa gitangwa na kristu ya holmium kirashobora gukuraho ibinure bitabyaye ubushyuhe bukabije, bityo bikagabanya kwangirika kwubushyuhe kumubiri. Biravugwa ko Amerika ikoresha laser ya holmium mu kuvura glaucoma, ishobora kugabanya ububabare bwo kubaga abarwayi. Urwego rwa christal 2μm ya kirisiti yageze ku rwego mpuzamahanga, kandi dukwiye kwiteza imbere cyane no kubyara ubu bwoko bwa lazeri.

Lazeri ya Holmium Gukoresha laser ya holmium yazanye kuvura amabuye yinkari kurwego rushya. Lazeri ya Holmium ifite uburebure bwa 2,1μm kandi ni laser. Nibishya bya laseri nyinshi zikoreshwa mubikorwa byo kubaga. Ingufu zitangwa zirashobora guhumeka amazi hagati yimpera ya fibre optique hamwe nibuye, bigakora uduce duto duto twa cavitation, kandi bigatanga ingufu kubuye, kumenagura ibuye mo ifu. Amazi akuramo imbaraga nyinshi, agabanya kwangirika kwinyuma. Muri icyo gihe, ubujyakuzimu bwa Holmium laser mu ngingo z'umuntu ni buke cyane, 0.38mm gusa. Kubwibyo, iyo kumenagura amabuye, ibyangiritse kumyenda ikikije birashobora kugabanuka, kandi umutekano ni mwinshi cyane.
Ubuhanga bwa Holmium laser lithotripsy: ubuvuzi bwa holmium laser lithotripsy, bukwiranye namabuye yimpyiko akomeye, amabuye yinkari hamwe namabuye y'uruhago adashobora kumeneka na lithotripsy idasanzwe. Iyo ukoresheje ubuvuzi bwa holmium laser lithotripsy, fibre yoroheje ya optique ya lazeri yubuvuzi ya Holmium inyura muri urethra na ureter hifashishijwe cystoscope na ureteroskopi yoroheje kugirango igere kumabuye y'uruhago, amabuye y'inkari n'amabuye y'impyiko, hanyuma urologiste akoresha lazeri ya holmium kugirango amennye amabuye. Ibyiza by'ubu buryo bwo kuvura ni uko bushobora gukemura amabuye y'inkari, amabuye y'uruhago n'amabuye menshi y'impyiko. Ingaruka ni uko ku mabuye amwe n'amwe yo hejuru no hepfo ya calyces y'impyiko, amabuye make azagumaho kubera ko fibre ya holmium laser yinjira muri ureteri idashobora kugera ahabuye.
Holmium laser ni ubwoko bushya bwa lazeri yakozwe nigikoresho gikomeye cya laser cyakozwe na lazeri ya kirisiti (Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG) hamwe na garnet ya yttrium aluminium (YAG) nkigikoresho cyo gukora kandi ikazenguruka hamwe na ioni chromium (Cr), ihererekanyabubasha ion thulium (Tm) hamwe na ion holmium (Ho). Irashobora gukoreshwa mububaga mumashami nka urology, ENT, dermatology, na ginecology. Kubaga laser ntabwo bitera cyangwa byibasiye cyane kandi umurwayi azagira ububabare buke cyane mugihe cyo kuvura.

Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-14-2024