Ikintu Cyiza Cyisi Cyisi: Holmium

Holmium, atomike numero 67, uburemere bwa atome 164.93032, izina ryibanze rikomoka aho yavukiye.

Ibiri muriholmiummubutaka ni 0.000115%, kandi ibaho hamwe nibindiibintu bidasanzwe by'isimuri monazite nubutaka bwisi budasanzwe.Isotope isanzwe ihamye ni holmium 165 gusa.

Holmium itajegajega mu kirere cyumye kandi igahindura vuba ubushyuhe bwinshi;Okiside ya Holmiumizwiho kugira imiterere ya paramagnetic ikomeye.

Uruvange rwa holmium rushobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera kubikoresho bishya bya ferromagnetic;Iyode ya Holmium ikoreshwa mu gukora amatara ya halide -amatara ya holmium, na lazeri ya holmium nayo ikoreshwa cyane mubuvuzi.

Kuvumbura Amateka

Yavumbuwe na: JL Soret, PT Cleve

Yavumbuwe kuva 1878 kugeza 1879

Inzira yo kuvumbura: yavumbuwe na JL Soret mu 1878;Yavumbuwe na PT Cleve mu 1879

Mossander amaze gutandukanya erbium isi naterbiumisi kuvayttriumisi mu 1842, abahanga mu bya shimi benshi bakoresheje isesengura ryerekanwa kugirango bamenye kandi bamenye ko atari oxyde nziza yikintu, cyashishikarizaga abahanga mu bya shimi gukomeza kubatandukanya.Nyuma yo gutandukanya ytterbium oxyde naokisidena okiside ya okiside, Cliff yatandukanije okiside ebyiri nshya mu 1879. Imwe muri zo yitwa Holmium kugirango yibuke aho Cliff yavukiye, izina rya kera ry'ikilatini Holmia i Stockholm, muri Suwede, hamwe n'ikimenyetso cy'ibanze Ho.Mu 1886, ikindi kintu cyatandukanijwe na holmium na Bouvabadrand, ariko izina rya holmium ryagumishijwe.Hamwe no kuvumbura holmium nibindi bintu bidasanzwe byisi, ikindi cyiciro cya gatatu cyo kuvumbura ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka cyarangiye

Imiterere ya elegitoroniki:

Imiterere ya elegitoroniki:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11

Nicyuma, kimwe na dysprosium, gishobora gukuramo neutron ikorwa no gusohora kirimbuzi.

Muri reaction ya kirimbuzi, kuruhande rumwe, gutwikwa guhoraho bikorwa, kurundi ruhande, umuvuduko wurunigi uragenzurwa.

Ibisobanuro Ibisobanuro: Ingufu za mbere ionisiyoneri ni 6.02 electron electron.Ifite urumuri rwinshi.Irashobora gukora buhoro buhoro n'amazi hanyuma igashonga muri acide acide.Umunyu ni umuhondo.Okiside Ho2O2 ni icyatsi kibisi.Kunyunyuza aside aside kugirango ubyare imyunyu ngugu ya ion yumuhondo.

Inkomoko yibintu: byateguwe mukugabanya fluoride ya holmium HoF3 · 2H2O hamwe na calcium.

Icyuma

Holmium nicyuma cyera cya feza gifite imyenda yoroshye kandi ihindagurika;Ingingo yo gushonga 1474 ° C, ingingo itetse 2695 ° C, ubucucike bwa 8.7947 g / cm metero ya holmium ³。

Holmium itajegajega mu kirere cyumye kandi igahindura vuba ubushyuhe bwinshi;Okiside ya Holmium izwiho kugira imiterere ya paramagnetic ikomeye.

Kubona ibice bishobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera kubikoresho bishya bya ferromagnetic;Iyode ya Holmium ikoreshwa mugukora amatara ya halide - amatara ya holmium

Gusaba

.Kugeza ubu, imikoreshereze nyamukuru ni iyode idasanzwe yisi, isohora amabara atandukanye mugihe cyo gusohora gaze.Ibintu bikora bikoreshwa mumatara ya holmium ni iodide ya holmium, ishobora kugera kuri atome yicyuma kinini muri zone ya arc, ikazamura cyane imirasire.

(2) Holmium irashobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera ya yttrium fer cyangwa yttrium aluminium garnet.

.Iyo rero ukoresheje Ho: YAG laser yo kubaga ubuvuzi, ntibishobora gusa kunoza imikorere yo kubaga no kumenya neza, ariko kandi ahantu hashobora kwangirika ubushyuhe hashobora kugabanuka kugeza ku bunini.Igiti cyubusa gitangwa na kristu ya holmium kirashobora gukuraho ibinure bitabyaye ubushyuhe bukabije, bityo bikagabanya kwangirika kwubushyuhe kumubiri.Bivugwa ko kuvura Holmium laser yo kuvura glaucoma muri Amerika bishobora kugabanya ububabare bw’abarwayi babazwe.Ubushinwa 2 μ Urwego rwa m laser kristal rugeze kurwego mpuzamahanga, kandi hagomba gushyirwaho ingufu mugutezimbere no kubyara ubu bwoko bwa laser kristal.

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.Iyo ukoresheje ubuvuzi bwa holmium laser lithotripsy, fibre yoroheje ya lazeri yubuvuzi holmium ikoreshwa kugirango igere mu ruhago, ureter, n’impyiko zinyuze muri urethra na ureter binyuze muri cystoscope na ureteroscope.Noneho, abahanga mu bya urologiya bakoresha lazeri ya holmium kugirango bamennye amabuye.Ibyiza byubu buryo bwo kuvura holmium laser ni uko bushobora gukemura amabuye yinkari, amabuye y'uruhago, hamwe ninshi mumabuye yimpyiko.Ikibi ni uko ku mabuye amwe n'amwe yo mu gice cyo hejuru no hepfo ya karike yimpyiko, hashobora kubaho umubare muto wamabuye asigara bitewe nubushobozi buke bwa fibre ya Holmium yinjira muri ureteri ikagera ahabuye.