Intangiriro Kuri Tekinoroji Yinganda Zidasanzwe
·Ntibisanzwe isi is ntabwo ari icyuma, ahubwo ni ijambo rusange kubintu 15 bidasanzwe byisi kandiyttriumnascandium.Kubwibyo, ibintu 17 bidasanzwe byubutaka hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bitandukanye bifite imikoreshereze itandukanye, uhereye kuri chloride ifite ubuziranenge bwa 46% kugeza kuri oxyde imwe yisi idasanzwe kandiubutaka budasanzwehamwe na 99,9999%.Hiyongereyeho ibice bifitanye isano hamwe nuruvange, hariho ibicuruzwa bitabarika byisi.Noneho,isi idasanzweikoranabuhanga naryo riratandukanye ukurikije itandukaniro ryibi bintu 17.Ariko, bitewe nuburyo ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bishobora kugabanywa muri cerium nayttriumamatsinda ashingiye kubiranga amabuye y'agaciro, ubucukuzi, gushonga, no gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe yisi nayo arahujwe.Guhera kubucukuzi bwambere bwamabuye y'agaciro, uburyo bwo gutandukana, uburyo bwo gushonga, uburyo bwo kuvoma, hamwe nuburyo bwo kweza isi idasanzwe bizatangizwa umwe umwe.
Gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe
· Gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro ni uburyo bwo gutunganya imashini ikoresha itandukaniro ryimiterere yumubiri nubumara hagati yamabuye y'agaciro atandukanye agize ubutare, ikoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo kugirira akamaro, inzira, nibikoresho kugirango itunganyirize amabuye y'agaciro mumabuye y'agaciro, ikureho umwanda wangiza, kandi uyatandukanye. biva mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
·Muriisi idasanzweamabuye yacukuwe ku isi yose, ibirimoisi idasanzweni bike ku ijana, ndetse bimwe biri hasi.Kugirango wuzuze ibisabwa byumusaruro wo gushonga,isi idasanzweamabuye y'agaciro yatandukanijwe n'amabuye y'agaciro ya gangue hamwe nandi mabuye y'agaciro binyuze mu nyungu mbere yo gushonga, hagamijwe kongera ibinyabuzima bya okiside yo mu isi idasanzwe no kubona ubutumburuke bw'isi budasanzwe bushobora kuzuza ibisabwa n'ubutaka budasanzwe bw'ubutaka.Kwungukira mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe muri rusange bifata uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibintu, akenshi byuzuzwa no guhuza imbaraga nyinshi hamwe no gutandukanya rukuruzi kugira ngo bigende neza.
Uwitekaisi idasanzwekubitsa mu birombe bya Baiyunebo muri Mongoliya Imbere ni ubwoko bwa karubone yo mu bwoko bwa karubone yabitswe na fer dolomite, ahanini igizwe no guherekeza amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe mu bucukuzi bw'icyuma (usibye ubutare bwa fluorocarbon cerium na monazite, hari na byinshiniobiumnaisi idasanzweamabuye y'agaciro).
Amabuye yakuwe arimo ibyuma bigera kuri 30% hamwe na 5% ya okiside yisi idasanzwe.Nyuma yo kumenagura amabuye manini mu kirombe, itwarwa na gari ya moshi ku ruganda rwunguka rwa Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company.Igikorwa cyuruganda rwunguka ni ukongeraFe2O3kuva kuri 33% kugeza hejuru ya 55%, banza gusya no gutondekanya urusyo rwumupira, hanyuma ugahitamo icyuma cyibanze cya 62-65% Fe2O3 (okiside y'icyuma) ukoresheje silindrike ya magnetiki itandukanya.Imirizo ikomeje guhindagurika no gutandukanya magneti kugirango ibone icyuma cya kabiri kirimo ibice birenga 45%Fe2O3(okiside y'icyuma).Isi idasanzwe ikungahaye kuri flotation ifuro, ifite amanota 10-15%.Iyegeranya irashobora gutoranywa ukoresheje imbonerahamwe yo kunyeganyega kugirango habeho intumbero yuzuye hamwe na REO igizwe na 30%.Nyuma yo gusubirwamo nibikoresho byunguka, isi idasanzwe yibanda kuri REO irenga 60% irashobora kuboneka.
Uburyo bwo kubora bwubutaka budasanzwe
·Ntibisanzweibintu muri konsentratif muri rusange bibaho muburyo bwa karubone idashobora gushonga, fluoride, fosifate, oxyde, cyangwa silicates.Ibintu bidakunze kubaho ku isi bigomba guhindurwamo ibice bivangwa n’amazi cyangwa acide ya organic organique binyuze mu mpinduka zitandukanye z’imiti, hanyuma bigakorerwa inzira nko gusesa, gutandukana, kwezwa, kwibanda, cyangwa kubara kugirango bibyare ibintu bitandukanye bivanzeisi idasanzweibice nkivangavanze bidasanzwe bya chloride, bishobora gukoreshwa nkibicuruzwa cyangwa ibikoresho fatizo byo gutandukanya ibintu bimwe bidasanzwe byisi.Iyi nzira yitwaisi idasanzwekwibanda kubora, bizwi kandi mbere yo kuvurwa.
· Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo kuboraisi idasanzweyibanze, ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: uburyo bwa aside, uburyo bwa alkali, hamwe no kubora kwa chlorine.Kwangirika kwa aside birashobora kugabanywa no kubora aside hydrochloric, kubora aside sulfurike, no kubora aside hydrofluoric.Kwangirika kwa alkali birashobora kugabanywa kubice bya sodium hydroxide, gushonga sodium hydroxide, cyangwa uburyo bwo gutwika soda.Inzira ikwiye yatoranijwe muri rusange hashingiwe ku mahame yubwoko bwibanze, ibiranga amanota, igenamigambi ryibicuruzwa, korohereza kugarura no gukoresha neza ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka, inyungu ku isuku yumurimo no kurengera ibidukikije, no gushyira mu gaciro mubukungu.
· Nubwo havumbuwe amabuye y'agaciro agera kuri 200 adasanzwe kandi yatatanye, ntabwo yigeze akungahazwa mu bubiko bwigenga hamwe n'ubucukuzi bw'inganda kubera gake.Kugeza ubu, ni gake yigengagermanium, seleniyumu, nakubarkubitsa byavumbuwe, ariko igipimo cyabitswe ntabwo ari kinini cyane.
Gushonga isi idasanzwe
Hariho uburyo bubiri bwoisi idasanzwegushonga, hydrometallurgie na pyrometallurgie.
· Inzira zose zubutaka budasanzwe hydrometallurgie hamwe nicyuma cya chimique metallurgie ahanini gikemurwa kandi gishobora gukemuka, nko kubora kwubutaka budasanzwe, gutandukana no gukuramoisi idasanzwe.Uburyo bukoreshwa cyane ni ugukuramo ibimera biva mu buhinzi, ni inzira rusange yo gutandukanya inganda gutandukanya ubuziranenge-buke bwibintu bidasanzwe byisi.Hydrometallurgie inzira iragoye kandi ibicuruzwa byera ni byinshi.Ubu buryo bufite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ibicuruzwa byarangiye.
Inzira ya pyrometallurgiki iroroshye kandi ifite umusaruro mwinshi.Ntibisanzwepyrometallurgie ikubiyemo ahanini umusaruro waisi idasanzwehakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kugabanya silicothermic, kubyara ibyuma bidasanzwe byisi cyangwa ibivangwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa elegitoronike yumunyu wa elegitoronike, hamwe numusaruro waisi idasanzwenuburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro nibindi
Ibintu bisanzwe biranga pyrometallurgie ni umusaruro mubihe by'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
Ntibisanzwe uburyo bwo gukora isi
·Ntibisanzwekarubone naisi idasanzwe ya chlorideni bibiri byingenzi byibanze muriisi idasanzweinganda.Muri rusange, muri iki gihe hari inzira ebyiri zingenzi zo gukora ibyo bicuruzwa byombi.Inzira imwe ninzira yibanze ya acide sulfurike yo gutekesha, naho ubundi iyitwa inzira ya soda ya caustic, mu magambo ahinnye nka soda ya caustic.
· Usibye kuba mubutaka butandukanye bw'ubutaka, igice kinini cyaibintu bidasanzwe by'isimuri kamere ibana nubutare bwa apatite na fosifate.Ububiko rusange bwamabuye ya fosifate yisi ni toni hafi miliyari 100, ugereranijeisi idasanzweibirimo 0.5 ‰.Bigereranijwe ko umubare rusange waisi idasanzweifitanye isano na fosifate ku isi ni toni miliyoni 50.Mu gusubiza ibiranga hasiisi idasanzweibirimo nibidasanzwe bibaho mumabuye, inzira zitandukanye zo kugarura zakozweho ubushakashatsi haba mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga, zishobora kugabanywa muburyo butose nubushyuhe.Muburyo butose, burashobora kugabanwa muburyo bwa acide nitric, uburyo bwa aside hydrochloric, nuburyo bwa acide sulfurike ukurikije acide zitandukanye.Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo kugarura isi idasanzwe mubikorwa bya chimique ya fosifore, byose bifitanye isano rya bugufi nuburyo bwo gutunganya ubutare bwa fosifate.Mugihe cyo kubyara amashyuza ,.isi idasanzweigipimo cyo gukira gishobora kugera kuri 60%.
Hamwe nogukoresha ubudahwema umutungo wa fosifate no guhinduka mugutezimbere iterambere ryurutare ruto rwa fosifate, acide sulfurike yatose inzira ya acide fosifori yabaye inzira nyamukuru mubikorwa byinganda za fosifate, no kugaruraibintu bidasanzwe by'isimuri acide sulfurique itose aside fosifori yahindutse ubushakashatsi.Mubikorwa byo kubyara acide sulfurike itunganya aside fosifori, inzira yo kugenzura itunganywa ryubutaka budasanzwe muri acide ya fosifori hanyuma ugakoresha ibimera bivangwa nubutaka kugirango ukuremo isi idasanzwe bifite ibyiza byinshi kuruta uburyo bwambere bwateye imbere.
Ntibisanzwe uburyo bwo gukuramo isi
Acide ya sulfure
Ceriumitsinda (ridashonga mumyunyu ngugu ya sulfate) -lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, na promethium;
Terbiumitsinda (gushonga gato mumyunyu ngugu ya sulfate) -samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, naholmium;
Yttriumitsinda (gushonga mumyunyu ngugu ya sulfate) -yttrium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium,lutetium, nascandium.
Gutandukana
Umucyoisi idasanzwe(P204 gukuramo aside irike) -lanthanum,cerium, praseodymium,neodymium, na promethium;
Isi idasanzwe hagati (P204 ikuramo aside irike) -samarium,europium,gadolinium,terbium,dysprosium;
Biremereyeisi idasanzweIbintu(gukuramo aside muri P204) -holmium,
Intangiriro yuburyo bwo gukuramo
Muburyo bwo gutandukanaibintu bidasanzwe by'isi,kubera ibintu bisa cyane kumubiri na chimique yibintu 17, kimwe nubwinshi bwimyanda iherekeza muriibintu bidasanzwe by'isi, gukuramo inzira biragoye kandi bisanzwe bikoreshwa.
Hariho ubwoko butatu bwo kuvoma: intambwe ku yindi, uburyo bwo guhana ion, no gukuramo ibishishwa.
Intambwe ku yindi
Uburyo bwo gutandukana no kwezwa ukoresheje itandukaniro mugukemura kwibintu mumashanyarazi byitwa intambwe-ku-ntambwe.Kuvayttrium(Y) kugezalutetium(Lu), gutandukana kamwe hagati yibisanzwe bibahoibintu bidasanzwe by'isi, harimo radium yavumbuwe na couple ya Curie,
Bose baratandukanye bakoresheje ubu buryo.Uburyo bukoreshwa murubu buryo buragoye, kandi gutandukanya kimwe mubintu byose bidasanzwe byisi byatwaye imyaka irenga 100, hamwe no gutandukana hamwe nibikorwa byakorewe inshuro 20000.Ku bakora imiti, akazi kabo
Imbaraga ni ndende kandi inzira iragoye.Kubwibyo, gukoresha ubu buryo ntibishobora kubyara isi imwe idasanzwe kubwinshi.
Guhana Ion
Ibikorwa byubushakashatsi kubintu bidasanzwe byisi byahagaritswe no kudashobora kubyara kimweisi idasanzweku bwinshi binyuze mu ntambwe ku yindi.Kugirango dusesengureibintu bidasanzwe by'isibikubiye mubicuruzwa bya kirimbuzi no kuvanaho ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka muri uranium na thorium, ion yoguhindura chromatografiya (ion exchange chromatografiya) yakozwe neza, hanyuma ikoreshwa mugutandukanyaisi idasanzwes.Ibyiza byo guhana ion ni uko ibintu byinshi bishobora gutandukana mubikorwa bimwe.Kandi irashobora kandi kubona ibicuruzwa byera cyane.Ariko, ibibi ni uko bidashobora gutunganywa ubudahwema, hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo gukora hamwe nigiciro kinini cyo kuvugurura no guhana.Kubwibyo, ubu buryo bwingenzi bwo gutandukanya ubwinshi bwubutaka budasanzwe bwasezeye muburyo rusange bwo gutandukanya kandi busimburwa nuburyo bwo kuvoma.Nyamara, kubera ibiranga ibintu byihariye biranga ion guhanahana chromatografiya mu kubona ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bidasanzwe, muri iki gihe, kugira ngo habeho ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byera cyane kandi bitandukanya ibintu bimwe na bimwe by’ubutaka bidasanzwe, birakenewe kandi gukoresha ion guhana chromatografiya gutandukanya no gutanga umusaruro wisi idasanzwe.
Gukuramo ibisubizo
Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibishishwa kama kugirango bikuremo kandi bitandukane ibintu byakuwe mubisubizo byamazi bidasobanutse byitwa organic solvent fluid-fluid extraction, mu magambo ahinnye nko gukuramo ibishishwa.Nuburyo bwo kwimura ibintu byimura ibintu kuva mugice kimwe cyamazi kijya mubindi.Uburyo bwo gukuramo ibishishwa bwakoreshejwe mbere muri peteroli, chimique organic, chimie chimique, na chimie analytique.Nyamara, mu myaka mirongo ine ishize, kubera iterambere ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga rya kirimbuzi, ndetse no gukenera gukora ibintu bya ultrapure nibintu bidasanzwe, gukuramo ibicuruzwa byateye imbere cyane mu nganda nk’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na metallurgie idasanzwe. .Ubushinwa bwageze ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubushakashatsi mu bijyanye no kuvoma, guhuza no gushyira mu bikorwa ibimera bishya, hamwe n’uburyo bwo kuvoma ibintu bidasanzwe byo gutandukanya isi.Ugereranije nuburyo bwo gutandukana nkubushyuhe bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru, gutondekanya kristu, hamwe no guhana ion, gukuramo ibishishwa bifite urukurikirane rwibyiza nkingaruka nziza yo gutandukana, ubushobozi bunini bwo kubyaza umusaruro, korohereza umusaruro byihuse kandi bikomeza, kandi byoroshye kugera kubigenzura byikora.Kubwibyo, byahindutse buhoro buhoro uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutandukanya umubare munini waisi idasanzwes.
Ntibisanzwe kweza isi
Gukora ibikoresho fatizo
Ntibisanzwemuri rusange bigabanijwemo ibyuma bidasanzwe bivanze nubutaka bumweubutaka budasanzwe.Ibigize bivanzeubutaka budasanzweisa nubutaka bwambere budasanzwe mubutaka, kandi icyuma kimwe nicyuma gitandukanijwe kandi gitunganijwe kuri buri isi idasanzwe.Biragoye kugabanyaisi idasanzwes (usibye kuri oxyde yasamarium,europium,, thulium,ytterbium) mu cyuma kimwe ukoresheje uburyo rusange bwa metallurgiki, kubera ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gushiraho no guhagarara neza.Kubwibyo, ibisanzwe bikoreshwa mubikoresho fatizo kubyara umusaruroubutaka budasanzwemuri iki gihe ni chloride na fluoride.
Umuyoboro wa elegitoronike
Umusaruro mwinshi wo kuvangaubutaka budasanzwemu nganda muri rusange ikoresha uburyo bwa elegitoronike yumunyu wa electrolysis.Hariho uburyo bubiri bwa electrolysis: chloride electrolysis na oxyde electrolysis.Uburyo bwo gutegura bumweubutaka budasanzwebiratandukanye bitewe nibintu.samarium,europium,, ,,thulium,ytterbiumntibikwiriye gutegurwa na electrolytike kubera umuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga, ahubwo byateguwe ukoresheje uburyo bwo kugabanya kugabanya.Ibindi bintu birashobora gutegurwa na electrolysis cyangwa uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro.
Chloride electrolysis nuburyo busanzwe bwo gukora ibyuma, cyane cyane kubutaka bwivanze budasanzwe.Inzira iroroshye, irahendutse, kandi isaba ishoramari rito.Nyamara, imbogamizi nini ni ukurekura gaze ya chlorine, yangiza ibidukikije.Oxide electrolysis ntabwo irekura imyuka yangiza, ariko igiciro kiri hejuru gato.Mubisanzwe, igiciro cyinshi kimweisi idasanzwenkaneodymiumnapraseodymiumbyakozwe hakoreshejwe okiside electrolysis.
Uburyo bwo kugabanya vacuum electrolysis irashobora gutegura gusa urwego rusange rwingandaubutaka budasanzwe.Kwiteguraubutaka budasanzwehamwe n’umwanda muke nubuziranenge bwinshi, uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro bukoreshwa muri rusange.Ubu buryo burashobora gutanga ibyuma byose bidasanzwe byisi, arikosamarium,europium,, ,,thulium,ytterbiumntishobora kubyazwa umusaruro ukoresheje ubu buryo.Redox ubushobozi bwasamarium,europium,, ,,thulium,ytterbiumna calcium igabanya igice gusaisi idasanzwefluoride.Mubisanzwe, gutegura ibyo byuma bishingiye kumahame yumuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga wibyuma hamwe numuvuduko ukabije wumuyaga waicyuma cya lanthanums.Okiside yibi bineisi idasanzweBivanze n'ibice byaicyuma cya lanthanums hanyuma ugahagarikwa mubice, ukagabanuka mu itanura rya vacu.Lanthanumni Birenzeho, mu gihesamarium,europium,, ,,thulium,ytterbiumKugabanuka Kuri Zahabu nalanthanumkandi yakusanyirijwe kuri kondegene, byoroshye gutandukana na slag.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-07-2023