Bitewe no gutanga amasoko hamwe n’ibidukikije, ishami ry’ingufu za Tesla ririmo gukora cyane kugira ngo rikureho moteri zidasanzwe z’isi kuri moteri kandi irashaka ubundi buryo bwo kubishakira ibisubizo.
Tesla ntiravumbura ibintu bishya bya magneti rwose, kuburyo ishobora gukora ikoranabuhanga risanzwe, birashoboka cyane ko ikoresha ferrite ihendutse kandi yakozwe byoroshye.
Mugushiraho witonze ferrite ya ferrite no guhindura izindi ngingo zishushanya moteri, ibipimo byinshi byerekanaisi idasanzwemoteri yo gutwara irashobora kwigana.Muri iki gihe, uburemere bwa moteri bwiyongera gusa 30%, bishobora kuba itandukaniro rito ugereranije nuburemere bwimodoka.
4. Ibikoresho bishya bya magneti bigomba kugira ibintu bitatu byingenzi bikurikira: 1) bakeneye kugira magnetisme;2) Komeza gukomeza magnetism imbere yandi masoko ya magneti;3) Irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Nk’uko ikinyamakuru Tencent Technology News kibitangaza ngo uruganda rukora ibinyabiziga rukora amashanyarazi Tesla rwatangaje ko ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi bitazongera gukoreshwa muri moteri y’imodoka, bivuze ko abajenjeri ba Tesla bagomba guhishura byimazeyo ibihangano byabo mu gushaka ubundi buryo.
Ukwezi gushize, Elon Musk yasohoye "Igice cya gatatu cya Igishushanyo mbonera" mu birori by’umunsi w’abashoramari ba Tesla.Muri byo, hari utuntu duto twateje sensation mubijyanye na fiziki.Colin Campbell, umuyobozi mukuru mu ishami ry’ingufu za Tesla, yatangaje ko itsinda rye rikuraho moteri zidasanzwe z’isi kuri moteri kubera ibibazo by’itangwa ry’ingaruka ndetse n’ingaruka mbi ziterwa no gukora magneti adasanzwe.
Kugira ngo iyi ntego igerweho, Campbell yerekanye amashusho abiri arimo ibikoresho bitatu by’amayobera byanditseho ubuhanga nk'ubutaka budasanzwe 1, isi idasanzwe 2, n'ubutaka budasanzwe 3. Igice cya mbere cyerekana uko Tesla imeze muri iki gihe, aho umubare w'ubutaka budasanzwe bwakoreshejwe na sosiyete muri buri modoka kuva kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'ikiro kugeza kuri garama 10.Kuri slide ya kabiri, imikoreshereze yibintu byose bidasanzwe byisi byagabanutse kuri zeru.
Kubantu ba magnetologiste biga imbaraga zubumaji zitangwa nigikoresho cya elegitoronike mubikoresho bimwe na bimwe, umwirondoro wisi idasanzwe 1 urashobora kumenyekana byoroshye, aribyo neodymium.Iyo wongeyeho mubintu bisanzwe nkicyuma na boron, iki cyuma gishobora gufasha kurema imbaraga, burigihe kumurima wa magneti.Ariko ibikoresho bike bifite ubuziranenge, ndetse nibintu bike bidasanzwe byisi bitanga imirima ya magnetiki ishobora kwimura imodoka ya Tesla ipima ibiro birenga 2000, kimwe nibindi bintu byinshi kuva muri robo yinganda kugera mu ndege zintambara.Niba Tesla iteganya gukuraho neodymium nibindi bintu bidasanzwe byisi kuri moteri, niyihe magneti izakoresha aho?
Kubya fiziki, ikintu kimwe ntakekeranywa: Tesla ntabwo yahimbye ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho bya magneti.Andy Blackburn, Visi Perezida w’Ingamba muri NIron Magnets, yagize ati: "Mu myaka irenga 100, dushobora kuba dufite amahirwe make yo kubona imishinga mishya y’ubucuruzi."NIron Magnets numwe mubantu bake batangiye kugerageza gukoresha amahirwe akurikira.
Blackburn n'abandi bemeza ko bishoboka cyane ko Tesla yahisemo gukora na rukuruzi nkeya cyane.Mubishoboka byinshi, umukandida ugaragara cyane ni ferrite: ceramic igizwe nicyuma na ogisijeni, ivanze nicyuma gito nka strontium.Nibihendutse kandi byoroshye kubikora, kandi kuva 1950, inzugi za firigo kwisi zakozwe murubu buryo.
Ariko kubijyanye nubunini, magnetism ya ferrite ni kimwe cya cumi gusa cya magneti neodymium, itera kwibaza ibibazo bishya.Umuyobozi mukuru wa Tesla, Elon Musk, yamenyekanye cyane kubera kutavuguruzanya, ariko niba Tesla igomba kwimukira kuri ferrite, birasa nkaho hagomba gukorwa bimwe.
Biroroshye kwizera ko bateri ari imbaraga zibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, ariko mubyukuri, ni moteri ya electronique itwara ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.Ntabwo ari impanuka ko Isosiyete ya Tesla hamwe na magnetique “Tesla” yitiriwe umuntu umwe.Iyo electron zinyuze muri coil muri moteri, zitanga umurima wa electromagnetiki utwara imbaraga za magneti zinyuranye, bigatuma igiti cya moteri kizunguruka hamwe niziga.
Ku ruziga rw'inyuma rw'imodoka ya Tesla, izo mbaraga zitangwa na moteri ifite magnesi zihoraho, ibintu bidasanzwe bifite umurego wa rukuruzi uhamye kandi nta byinjira byinjira, tubikesha kuzenguruka ubwenge bwa electron hafi ya atome.Tesla yatangiye kongeramo izo magneti mumodoka hashize imyaka itanu, kugirango yongere intera kandi yongere umuriro utarinze kuzamura bateri.Mbere yibi, isosiyete yakoresheje moteri ya induction yakozwe hafi ya electromagneti, ibyara magnetisme ikoresha amashanyarazi.Izo moderi zifite moteri yimbere ziracyakoresha ubu buryo.
Kwimuka kwa Tesla kureka isi idasanzwe na magnesi bisa nkibitangaje.Ibigo by'imodoka bikunze guhangayikishwa no gukora neza, cyane cyane kubijyanye n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, aho zikomeje kugerageza kumvisha abashoferi gutsinda ubwoba bwabo.Ariko mugihe abakora amamodoka batangiye kwagura umusaruro wibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, imishinga myinshi yabonwaga ko idakora neza iragaruka.
Ibi byatumye abakora imodoka, harimo na Tesla, bakora imodoka nyinshi bakoresheje bateri ya lithium fer fosifate (LFP).Ugereranije na bateri zirimo ibintu nka cobalt na nikel, izi moderi akenshi zifite intera ngufi.Ubu ni tekinoroji ishaje ifite uburemere bunini nubushobozi buke bwo kubika.Kugeza ubu, Model 3 ikoreshwa nimbaraga zidafite umuvuduko muke ifite intera ya kilometero 272 (hafi kilometero 438), mugihe Model S ya kure ifite bateri zateye imbere zishobora kugera kuri kilometero 400 (kilometero 640).Nyamara, gukoresha bateri ya lithium fer fosifate irashobora kuba amahitamo yubucuruzi yumvikana, kuko yirinda gukoresha ibikoresho bihenze ndetse nibibazo bya politiki.
Ariko, Tesla ntabwo bishoboka gusimbuza magnesi gusa ikintu kibi, nka ferrite, nta yandi mahinduka.Umuhanga mu bya fiziki wa kaminuza ya Uppsala, Alaina Vishna, yagize ati: “Uzatwara rukuruzi nini mu modoka yawe.Kubwamahirwe, moteri yamashanyarazi ni imashini zigoye hamwe nibindi bice byinshi bishobora guhindurwa muburyo bwo kugabanya ingaruka zo gukoresha magneti adakomeye.
Muri moderi ya mudasobwa, isosiyete yibikoresho Proterial iherutse kwemeza ko ibipimo byinshi byerekana moteri zidasanzwe zo gutwara isi bishobora kwiganwa mugushiraho witonze magnite ya ferrite no guhindura izindi ngingo zishushanya moteri.Muri iki gihe, uburemere bwa moteri bwiyongera gusa 30%, bishobora kuba itandukaniro rito ugereranije nuburemere bwimodoka.
Nubwo ibi bibabaza umutwe, amasosiyete yimodoka aracyafite impamvu nyinshi zo kureka ibintu bidasanzwe byisi, mugihe babishoboye.Agaciro k'isoko ridasanzwe ku isi risa n'iry'isoko ry'amagi muri Amerika, kandi mu buryo bw'igitekerezo, ibintu bidasanzwe by'isi birashobora gucukurwa, gutunganywa, no guhindurwa magnesi ku isi yose, ariko mubyukuri, ibyo bikorwa bitanga ibibazo byinshi.
Ushinzwe gusesengura amabuye y'agaciro akaba n'umuntu uzwi cyane ku mbuga nkoranyambaga ku isi witwa Thomas Krumer yagize ati: "Uru ni inganda zingana na miliyari 10 z'amadolari, ariko agaciro k'ibicuruzwa byakozwe buri mwaka kiva kuri tiriyari 2 kugeza kuri tiriyari 3, kikaba ari ikintu kinini.Ni nako bigenda ku modoka.Nubwo yaba irimo kilo nkeya yibi bintu, kuyikuraho bivuze ko imodoka zidashobora kugenda keretse niba witeguye guhindura moteri yose
Amerika n'Uburayi biragerageza gutandukanya uruhererekane rwo gutanga.Ibirombe bidasanzwe bya Californiya byafunzwe mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, biherutse gufungura kandi kugeza ubu bitanga 15% by'ubutaka budasanzwe ku isi.Muri Amerika, inzego za leta (cyane cyane Minisiteri y’ingabo) zikeneye gutanga magnesi zikomeye ku bikoresho nk’indege na satelite, kandi bashishikajwe no gushora imari mu masoko yo mu gihugu ndetse no mu turere nk'Ubuyapani n'Uburayi.Ariko urebye ikiguzi, tekinoroji isabwa, nibibazo byibidukikije, iyi ni inzira itinda ishobora kumara imyaka myinshi cyangwa imyaka mirongo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-11-2023