Isi idasanzwe,izwi nka "ubutunzi" bw'ibikoresho bishya, nk'ibikoresho bidasanzwe bikora, birashobora kuzamura cyane ubwiza n'imikorere y'ibindi bicuruzwa, kandi bizwi nka "vitamine" z'inganda zigezweho.Ntibikoreshwa cyane mu nganda gakondo nka metallurgie, peteroli-chimique, ceramika y ibirahure, kuzunguruka ubwoya, uruhu, n’ubuhinzi, ariko kandi bigira uruhare runini mubikoresho nka fluorescence, magnetism, laser, itumanaho rya fibre optique, ingufu zo kubika hydrogene, superconductivity, nibindi, Ihindura byimazeyo umuvuduko nurwego rwiterambere ryinganda zigenda zitera imbere cyane nkibikoresho bya optique, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, icyogajuru, ninganda za kirimbuzi.Izi tekinoroji zakoreshejwe neza mubuhanga bwa gisirikare, ziteza imbere cyane iterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare rigezweho.
Uruhare rwihariye rwagizeisi idasanzweibikoresho bishya mu ikoranabuhanga rya kijyambere rya gisirikare byashimishije cyane guverinoma n’impuguke z’ibihugu bitandukanye, nko gushyirwa ku rutonde nk’ingenzi mu iterambere ry’inganda z’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye n’ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare n’amashami y’ibihugu nka Amerika n'Ubuyapani.
Intangiriro Muri makeNtibisanzwe Isis nubusabane bwabo na Gisirikare ningabo zigihugu
Mu magambo make, ibintu byose bidasanzwe byisi bifite ibikorwa bya gisirikare, ariko uruhare runini bafite mukwirwanaho kwigihugu ndetse no mubisirikare bigomba kuba mubikorwa nko gukwirakwiza laser, kuyobora laser, no gutumanaho laser.
Porogaramu yaisi idasanzweibyuma naisi idasanzweductile icyuma mubuhanga bugezweho bwa gisirikare
1.1 Gushyira mu bikorwaNtibisanzwe IsiIcyuma mubuhanga bugezweho bwa gisirikare
Igikorwa gikubiyemo ibintu bibiri: kweza no kuvanga, cyane cyane desulfurizasiya, deoxidisation, no kuvanaho gaze, kuvanaho ingaruka zumwanya muto ushonga umwanda wangiza, gutunganya ingano nimiterere, bigira ingaruka kumyanya yinzibacyuho yicyuma, no kunoza ubukana hamwe nubukanishi.Abakozi ba siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga bakoze ibikoresho byinshi bidasanzwe byisi bikoreshwa mu gukoresha intwaro bakoresheje imitungo yaisi idasanzwe.
1.1.1 Ibyuma byintwaro
Nko mu ntangiriro ya za 1960, inganda z’intwaro z’Ubushinwa zatangiye gukora ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa ry’ubutaka budasanzwe mu byuma by’intwaro ndetse n’ibyuma by’imbunda, hanyuma bikurikirana.isi idasanzweibyuma byintwaro nka 601, 603, na 623, bitangiza ibihe bishya byibikoresho fatizo byingenzi byo gukora tanki mu Bushinwa bishingiye ku musaruro w’imbere mu gihugu.
1.1.2Ntibisanzweibyuma bya karubone
Hagati ya 1960, Ubushinwa bwiyongereyeho 0,05%isi idasanzweibice kuri bimwe byujuje ubuziranenge bwa karubone kubyaraisi idasanzweibyuma bya karubone.Ingaruka zingaruka zibi byuma bidasanzwe byisi byiyongereyeho 70% kugeza 100% ugereranije nicyuma cyambere cya karubone, naho ingaruka kuri -40 ℃ yikubye kabiri.Ikarito nini ya diametre ikozwe muri iki cyuma byagaragaye binyuze mu bizamini byo kurasa kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa bya tekiniki.Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa bwarangije kubushyira mu bikorwa, bumenya ko Ubushinwa bumaze igihe kinini bwo gusimbuza umuringa ibyuma mu bikoresho bya karitsiye.
1.1.3 Ntibisanzwe isi ndende ibyuma bya manganese hamwe nubutaka budasanzwe
Ntibisanzweibyuma birebire bya manganese bikoreshwa mugukora plaque ya tank, mugiheisi idasanzweIbyuma bikoreshwa mu gukora amababa umurizo, feri yizuru, hamwe nibikoresho bya artillerie kubintu byihuta byihuta byo gutobora ibishishwa.Ibi birashobora kugabanya intambwe zo gutunganya, kunoza imikoreshereze yicyuma, no kugera kubipimo bya tekiniki na tekiniki.
1.2 Gukoresha Isi Ntibisanzwe Nodular Yuma Ibyuma mubuhanga bwa gisirikare bugezweho
Mu bihe byashize, ibikoresho byo mu cyumba cy’imbere by’Ubushinwa byari bikozwe mu cyuma gike cyane gikozwe mu cyuma cy’ingurube cyiza cyane kivanze na 30% kugeza 40%.Bitewe n'imbaraga nke, ubukana bwinshi, gucikamo ibice bito kandi bidakabije nyuma yo guturika, n'imbaraga zica zica, iterambere ry’imibiri y’imbere y’imbere ryigeze rihagarikwa.Kuva mu 1963, kaliberi zitandukanye z'amasasu za minisiteri zakozwe hifashishijwe ibyuma bidasanzwe byangiza isi, byongereye ibikoresho bya mashini inshuro 1-2, bigwiza umubare w’ibice bifatika, kandi bikarishye impande z’ibice, byongera imbaraga zabo zo kwica.Igisasu cyo kurwana cyubwoko runaka bwibisasu bya rutura hamwe nimbunda yo mu gasozi bikozwe muri ibi bikoresho mu gihugu cyacu bifite umubare muto mwiza wo gucamo ibice hamwe na radiyo yica cyane kuruta icyuma.
Ikoreshwa rya ferrousisi idasanzwes nka magnesium na aluminium mubuhanga bugezweho bwa gisirikare
Ntibisanzweufite ibikorwa byinshi bya chimique na radiyo nini ya atome.Iyo byongewe ku byuma bidafite fer hamwe n’ibivangwa na byo, birashobora gutunganya ingano y’ingano, gukumira amacakubiri, kuvanaho gaze, umwanda no kweza, no kunoza imiterere y’ibyuma, bityo bikagera ku ntego zuzuye nko kuzamura imiterere y’ubukanishi, imiterere y’umubiri, hamwe n’imikorere yo gutunganya.Abakozi bo mu gihugu n’amahanga bakoresheje ibikoresho byaisi idasanzweGutezimbere Gishyaisi idasanzweamavuta ya magnesium, aluminiyumu, amavuta ya titanium, hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Ibicuruzwa byakoreshejwe cyane mu buhanga bwa gisirikare bugezweho nk'indege zirwana, indege zitera, kajugujugu, ibinyabiziga bitagira abapilote, na satelite ya misile.
2.1Ntibisanzwemagnesium
Ntibisanzwemagnesium alloys ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe, irashobora kugabanya uburemere bwindege, kunoza imikorere ya tactique, kandi ifite ibyifuzo byinshi.Uwitekaisi idasanzweamavuta ya magnesium yatunganijwe n’ishoramari ry’indege mu Bushinwa (aha bita AVIC) arimo ibyiciro bigera ku 10 by’imisemburo ya magnesium hamwe na magnesium ivanze, ibyinshi muri byo bikaba byarakoreshejwe mu musaruro kandi bifite ireme rihamye.Kurugero, ZM 6 ikora magnesium ivanze hamwe nubutaka budasanzwe bwa neodymium nkuko inyongeramusaruro nyamukuru yaguwe kugirango ikoreshwe mubice byingenzi nka kajugujugu yinyuma yo kugabanya inyuma, imbavu zamababa yintambara, hamwe na plaque ya moteri ya moteri ya 30 kW.Ubutaka budasanzwe bukomeye bwa magnesium alloy BM25 bufatanije na China Aviation Corporation hamwe na Nonferrous Metals Corporation bwasimbuye ingufu za aluminiyumu ziciriritse kandi zashyizwe mubikorwa byindege.
2.2Ntibisanzwetitanium
Mu ntangiriro ya za 70, Ikigo cya Beijing cy’ibikoresho byo mu kirere (byitwa Ikigo) cyasimbuye aluminium na silikoni.icyuma cy'isi kidasanzwe cerium (Ce) muri Ti-A1-Mo titanium ivanze, igabanya imvura igabanutse kandi igateza imbere ubushyuhe bwumuriro hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro.Hashingiwe kuri ibyo, imikorere-yo hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru ya titanium alloy ZT3 irimo cerium yatunganijwe.Ugereranije n’ibisanzwe mpuzamahanga bivanze, bifite ibyiza bimwe birwanya ubushyuhe, imbaraga, nibikorwa.Ikariso ya compressor yakozwe nayo ikoreshwa kuri moteri ya W PI3 II, igabanya uburemere bwa buri ndege ibiro 39 kandi ikongerera imbaraga ibiro 1.5%.Byongeye kandi, intambwe yo gutunganya yagabanutseho hafi 30%, igera ku nyungu zikomeye za tekiniki n’ubukungu, yuzuza icyuho cyo gukoresha caste titanium cashing kuri moteri yindege mubushinwa mubihe 500 ℃.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko hari bitocerium oxydeibice muri microstructure ya ZT3 alloy irimocerium.Ceriumikomatanya igice cya ogisijeni muri alloy kugirango ikore ibintu bikomeye kandi bikomeyeisi idasanzweibikoresho, Ce2O3.Ibi bice bibangamira kugenda kwa dislokasiyo mugihe cyo guhindura ibintu, kuzamura imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwimvange.Ceriumifata imyanda ya gaze (cyane cyane kumupaka wingano), ishobora gushimangira amavuta mugihe ikomeza ubushyuhe bwiza.Nibigeragezo byambere byo gushyira mubikorwa theorite ya solute point ishimangira gushimangira titanium alloys.Byongeye kandi, nyuma yimyaka yubushakashatsi, Ikigo cyita ku ndege cyateye imbere kandi kidahenzeYttriumumusenyi nifu yifu muri titanium alloy solution igisubizo cyukuri cyo guta, ukoresheje tekinoroji idasanzwe yo kuvura amabuye y'agaciro.Yageze ku ntera nziza muburemere bwihariye, gukomera, no gutuza kumazi ya titanium.Kubijyanye no guhindura no kugenzura imikorere ya shell slurry, yerekanye ubukuru burenze.Inyungu idasanzwe yo gukoresha igiceri cya yttrium kugirango ikore titanium ni uko, mubihe aho ubuziranenge nuburyo urwego rwabakinnyi bagereranywa nubwa tungsten hejuru yubutaka, birashoboka gukora titanium alloy casting yoroheje kurusha izo ya tungsten yubuso bwibikorwa.Kugeza ubu, ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe cyane mu gukora indege zitandukanye, moteri, hamwe n’abasivili.
2.3Ntibisanzwealuminium
HZL206 irwanya ubushyuhe bwa aluminiyumu irimo ubutaka budasanzwe bwakozwe na AVIC ifite imiterere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru nubushyuhe bwo mucyumba ugereranije na nikel irimo amavuta yo mu mahanga, kandi igeze ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’imiti isa nayo mu mahanga.Ubu ikoreshwa nka valve irwanya umuvuduko wa kajugujugu nindege zintambara hamwe nubushyuhe bwakazi bwa 300 ℃, bigasimbuza ibyuma na titanium.Kugabanya uburemere bwimiterere kandi byashyizwe mubikorwa byinshi.Imbaraga zingana zaisi idasanzwealuminium silicon hypereutectic ZL117 ivanze kuri 200-300 ℃ irarenze iy'iburengerazuba bwa piston piston yo mu Budage KS280 na KS282.Kwambara kwayo kwikubye inshuro 4-5 kurenza izisanzwe zikoreshwa muri piston alloys ZL108, hamwe na coefficient ntoya yo kwagura umurongo no guhagarara neza.Yakoreshejwe mubikoresho byindege KY-5, KY-7 compressors yindege hamwe na piston yerekana moteri yindege.Inyongera yaisi idasanzweibintu kuri aluminiyumu yatezimbere cyane microstructure hamwe nubukanishi.Uburyo bwibikorwa byibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka muri aluminiyumu ni ugukora ikwirakwizwa, kandi ibimera bito bya aluminiyumu bigira uruhare runini mu gushimangira icyiciro cya kabiri;Inyongera yaisi idasanzweibintu bigira uruhare mu gutesha agaciro no kweza, bityo bikagabanya umubare wa pore mu mavuta no kunoza imikorere;Ntibisanzweibimera bya aluminiyumu, nka nuclei itandukanye ya kirisitu yo gutunganya ibinyampeke n'ibice bya eutectic, nabyo ni ubwoko bwo guhindura;Ntibisanzwe isi itera gushiraho no gutunganya ibyiciro bikungahaye kuri fer, bikagabanya ingaruka mbi zabyo.α - Igisubizo gikomeye cyicyuma muri A1 kigabanuka no kwiyongera kwaisi idasanzwewongeyeho, nayo ifite akamaro mukuzamura imbaraga na plastike.
Porogaramu yaisi idasanzweibikoresho byo gutwika mubuhanga bugezweho bwa gisirikare
Byeraubutaka budasanzwe, kubera imiterere yimiti ikora, bakunze kwitwara hamwe na ogisijeni, sulfure, na azote kugirango bibe ibintu bihamye.Iyo uhuye nubushyamirane bukabije ningaruka, ibishashi birashobora gutwika ibikoresho byaka.Kubwibyo, nko mu 1908, yakozwe muri flint.Byagaragaye ko muri 17isi idasanzweibintu, ibintu bitandatu birimocerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, nayttriumKugira imikorere myiza yo gutwika.Abantu bahinduye imitungo ya rni ubutare bw'isimubwoko butandukanye bwintwaro zaka, nka misile yo muri Amerika Mark 82 227 kg, ikoreshaicyuma cy'isi kidasanzweumurongo, udatanga gusa ingaruka zo kwica gusa ahubwo unagira ingaruka zo gutwika.Indege ya roketi yo mu kirere "Damping Man" y'Abanyamerika ifite ibikoresho 108 bidasanzwe by'ubutaka bwa metero kare nk'imirongo, isimbuza ibice bimwe byateguwe.Ibizamini biturika byerekana ko ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutwika lisansi yindege biri hejuru ya 44% ugereranije n’ibidafite umurongo.
3.2 Bivanzeicyuma cy'isi kidasanzwes
Bitewe nigiciro cyo hejuru cyeraubutare bw'isi budasanzwe,ibihugu bitandukanye bikoresha cyane ibintu bihendutseicyuma cy'isi kidasanzwes mu ntwaro zo gutwika.Ibigizeicyuma cy'isi kidasanzweibikoresho byo gutwika byapakiwe mubishishwa byicyuma munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe nubucucike bwumuriro wa (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg / m3, umuvuduko wo gutwika 1.3-1.5 m / s, diameter yumuriro wa mm 500, ubushyuhe bwumuriro bugera kuri 1715-2000 ℃.Nyuma yo gutwikwa, igihe cyo gushyushya umubiri ntigishobora kurenza iminota 5.Mu gihe c'Intambara ya Vietnam, igisirikare c'Amerika cyarashe grenade 40mm yo gutwika ikoresheje icyogajuru, kandi umuriro watwikiriye imbere wakozwe mu cyuma kivanze n'ubutaka budasanzwe.Nyuma yuko igisasu giturika, buri gice gifite umurongo utwika gishobora gutwika intego.Muri kiriya gihe, buri kwezi umusaruro w’ibisasu wageze ku 200000, hamwe na 260000.
3.3Ntibisanzwegutwika amavuta
Aisi idasanzweibicanwa byo gutwika bipima 100 g birashobora gukora ibishashi 200-3000 hamwe n’ahantu hanini ho gukwirakwiza, ibyo bikaba bihwanye na radiyo yica yo gutobora ibirwanisho hamwe n’ibisasu bitobora.Kubwibyo, guteza imbere amasasu menshi afite imbaraga zo gutwika byabaye kimwe mubyerekezo byingenzi byiterambere ryamasasu mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga.Ku gutobora ibirwanisho no gutobora ibirwanisho, imikorere yabo ya tactique isaba ko nyuma yo kwinjira mubirwanisho bya tanki yumwanzi, bashobora no gutwika lisansi n'amasasu kugirango basenye burundu tank.Kuri grenade, birasabwa gutwika ibikoresho bya gisirikare nibikoresho byubaka aho biciwe.Bivugwa ko igisasu cya plastiki kidasanzwe cy’ubutaka cyakozwe muri Amerika gifite umubiri wakozwe na fiberglass ikomezwa na nylon hamwe n’imvange idasanzwe y’ubutaka, ikoreshwa mu kugira ingaruka nziza ku ntego zirimo lisansi y’indege n’ibikoresho bisa.
Gushyira mu bikorwa 4Ntibisanzwe IsiIbikoresho mu Kurinda Igisirikare n’ikoranabuhanga rya kirimbuzi
4.1 Gusaba mubuhanga bwo kurinda igisirikare
Ntibisanzwe isi ifite imiterere irwanya imirasire.Ikigo cyigihugu gishinzwe ibice bya Neutron muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika cyakoresheje ibikoresho bya polymer nka substrate kandi gikora ubwoko bubiri bwamasahani afite umubyimba wa mm 10 hamwe cyangwa utongeyeho ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka kugirango bipimishe imirase.Ibisubizo byerekana ko ingaruka ya neutron ikingira yaisi idasanzweibikoresho bya polymer biruta inshuro 5-6 kurenza ibyoisi idasanzweibikoresho bya polymer kubuntu.Ibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi byongeweho ibintu nkasamarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, nibindi bifite igice kinini cyo kwinjiza neutron igice kandi kigira ingaruka nziza mugutwara neutron.Kugeza ubu, ibyingenzi byingenzi bikoreshwa mubutaka budasanzwe bwo kurwanya imirasire mubuhanga bwa gisirikare harimo ibintu bikurikira.
4.1.1 Gukingira imirasire ya kirimbuzi
Amerika ikoresha 1% boron na 5% yibintu bidasanzwe byisigadolinium, samarium, nalanthanumgukora 600m yuburebure bwimirasire irwanya beto yo gukingira isoko ya neutron mumashanyarazi ya pisine.Ubufaransa bwakoze ibikoresho bidasanzwe byo gukingira imirasire yisi wongeyeho boride,isi idasanzweibice, cyangwaisi idasanzweKuri Igishushanyo Nka Substrate.Uzuza ibi bikoresho byo gukingira asabwa gukwirakwizwa neza no gukorwa mubice byateguwe, bigashyirwa hafi yumuyoboro wa reaktor ukurikije ibisabwa bitandukanye byibice bikingira.
4.1.2
Igizwe n'ibice bine bya veneer, hamwe n'ubugari bwa cm 5-20.Igice cya mbere gikozwe mubirahuri bya fibre byongerewe imbaraga, hamwe nifu ya organic organique yongeyeho 2%isi idasanzweibice nkibyuzuza kugirango bibuze neutron byihuse kandi bikurura neutron buhoro;Igice cya kabiri n'icya gatatu byongeraho boron grafite, polystirene, hamwe nubutaka budasanzwe bingana na 10% yumubare wuzuye wuzuza mbere kugirango uhagarike ingufu za neutron hagati kandi zikurura neutron yumuriro;Igice cya kane gikoresha grafite aho gukoresha fibre yikirahure, ikongeraho 25%isi idasanzweibice byo gukuramo neutron yumuriro.
4.1.3 Abandi
Gusabaisi idasanzweKurwanya imishwarara kuri tanks, amato, aho kuba, nibindi bikoresho bya gisirikare birashobora kugira ingaruka zo kurwanya imirasire.
4.2 Gushyira mu bikorwa Ikoranabuhanga rya kirimbuzi
NtibisanzweYttriumIrashobora gukoreshwa nk'imashanyarazi ishobora gutwikwa na lisansi ya uranium mumazi abira (BWRs).Mubintu byose,gadoliniumifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukuramo neutron, hamwe intego zigera kuri 4600 kuri atom.Buri kintu gisanzwegadoliniumatom ikuramo impuzandengo ya neutron 4 mbere yo gutsindwa.Iyo bivanze na uraniyumu ishobora gucika,gadoliniumIrashobora guteza imbere gutwikwa, kugabanya gukoresha uraniyumu, no kongera ingufu.Okiside ya Gadoliniumntabwo itanga deuterium yangiza nka karbide ya boron, kandi irashobora guhuzwa na lisansi ya uranium hamwe nibikoresho byayo mugihe cya reaction ya kirimbuzi.Ibyiza byo gukoreshagadoliniumaho kuba boron nibyogadoliniumirashobora kuvangwa neza na uranium kugirango wirinde kwagura peteroli ya kirimbuzi.Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, kuri ubu ku isi hose hateganijwe ingufu za kirimbuzi 149, muri zo 115 zikoresha amazi y’ingutu zikoresha isi idasanzweokiside ya gadolinium. Ntibisanzwesamarium, europium, nadysprosiumbyakoreshejwe nka neutron ikurura aborozi ba neutron.Ntibisanzwe yttriumifite uduce duto twa cross-section muri neutron kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byumuyoboro wumunyu ushonga.Ifu yoroheje yongeyehoisi idasanzwe gadoliniumnadysprosiumIrashobora gukoreshwa nka neutron field detector mu kirere no mu nganda za kirimbuzi, umubare muto waisi idasanzwethuliumnaerbiumirashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bigenewe imiyoboro ya neutron ifunze, naisi idasanzweeuropium yicyuma ceramics irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora neza ibyapa bifasha kugenzura.NtibisanzwegadoliniumIrashobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'inyongeramusaruro kugirango irinde imishwarara ya neutron, hamwe n'ibinyabiziga bitwaje ibirwanisho bisize hamwe na kote idasanzwe irimookiside ya gadoliniumirashobora gukumira imirasire ya neutron.Ntibisanzwe ytterbiumikoreshwa mubikoresho byo gupima geostress yatewe no guturika kwa kirimbuzi.IgiheUbutaka budasanzwehytterbiumikorerwa imbaraga, kurwanya biriyongera, kandi impinduka zo guhangana zirashobora gukoreshwa mukubara igitutu gikorerwa.Guhuzaisi idasanzwe gadoliniumfoil yashyizwemo no guhumeka imyuka hamwe no gutwikisha ibintu hamwe nibintu byoroshye guhangayika birashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ingufu za kirimbuzi nyinshi.
5, Gushyira mu bikorwaNtibisanzwe IsiIbikoresho bya Magneti bihoraho mubuhanga bwa gisirikare bugezweho
Uwitekaisi idasanzweibikoresho bya rukuruzi bihoraho, byishimiwe nkibisekuru bishya byabami ba magnetiki, kuri ubu bizwi nkibikorwa byuzuye byuzuye bya rukuruzi.Ifite magnetiki zirenga 100 kurenza ibyuma bya rukuruzi bikoreshwa mubikoresho bya gisirikare mu myaka ya za 70.Kugeza ubu, byahindutse ibikoresho byingenzi mu itumanaho rya kijyambere rya elegitoroniki, rikoreshwa mu ngendo zo mu muyoboro no kuzenguruka muri satelite y’isi, radar, n’izindi nzego.Kubwibyo, ifite akamaro gakomeye mubisirikare.
Samariumcobalt magnet na neodymium fer boron magnet ikoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya electron yibanda muri sisitemu yo kuyobora misile.Magnets ni ibikoresho nyamukuru byibanda kumashanyarazi ya elegitoronike no kohereza amakuru hejuru yubushakashatsi bwa misile.Hafi ya pound 5-10 (2.27-4.54 kg) za magneti muri buri gikoresho cyerekeza kuri misile.Byongeye,isi idasanzwemagnesi nazo zikoreshwa mugutwara moteri yamashanyarazi no kuzunguruka ingeri za misile ziyobowe.Ibyiza byabo biri mubintu bikomeye bya magnetique hamwe nuburemere bworoshye ugereranije na aluminiyumu yumwimerere ya nikel cobalt.
6 .GusabaNtibisanzwe IsiIbikoresho bya Laser mubuhanga bugezweho bwa gisirikare
Laser ni ubwoko bushya bwumucyo ufite monochromaticité nziza, icyerekezo, hamwe, kandi bishobora kugera kumucyo mwinshi.Laser naisi idasanzweibikoresho bya laser byavukiye icyarimwe.Kugeza ubu, hafi 90% y'ibikoresho bya laser birimoisi idasanzwe.Kurugero,yttriumaluminium garnet kristal ni laser ikoreshwa cyane ishobora kugera kumasoko menshi yubushyuhe bukabije mubyumba.Gukoresha lazeri-ikomeye ya lazeri mubisirikare bigezweho birimo ibintu bikurikira.
6.1
Uwitekaneodymiumyandukuweyttriumaluminium garnet laser rangefinder yatejwe imbere nibihugu nka Amerika, Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, n'Ubudage birashobora gupima intera igera kuri metero 4000 kugeza 20000 hamwe na metero 5.Sisitemu yintwaro nka MI y'Abanyamerika, Leopard II yo mu Budage, Leclerc y’Ubufaransa, Ubwoko bw’Ubuyapani 90, Maka ya Isiraheli, hamwe n’ikigega cya vuba cy’Abongereza cyateje imbere Challenger 2 byose bikoresha ubu bwoko bwa laser rangefinder.Kugeza ubu, ibihugu bimwe na bimwe birimo guteza imbere igisekuru gishya cy’ibikoresho bya laser bigamije umutekano w’amaso y’umuntu, hamwe n’uburebure bw’umurambararo wa 1.5-2.1 μ M.holmiumyandukuweyttriumlisiyumu ya fluoride muri Amerika no mu Bwongereza, ifite uburebure bwumurongo wa 2.06 μ M, bugera kuri m 3000.Amerika kandi yafatanije n’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga ya laser mu guteza imbere erbium-dopeyttriumlithium fluoride laser hamwe nuburebure bwa 1.73 μ M ya lazeri ya laser kandi ifite ibikoresho byinshi.Uburebure bwa lazeri yuburebure bwa gisirikare bwUbushinwa ni 1.06 μ M, kuva kuri 200 kugeza 7000 m.Ubushinwa bubona amakuru yingenzi kuri tereviziyo ya laser ya tereviziyo mu gupima intera mugihe cyo kohereza roketi ndende, misile, hamwe na satelite y'itumanaho igerageza.
6.2
Laser iyobowe na bombe ikoresha laseri kugirango uyobore itumanaho.Laser ya Nd · YAG, isohora impiswi mirongo kumasegonda, ikoreshwa mugukoresha urumuri rwa laser.Impiswi zifite kodegisi kandi impiswi zoroheje zishobora kwiyobora igisubizo cya misile, bityo bikabuza kwivanga kwa misile n'inzitizi zashyizweho n'umwanzi.Igisirikare cy’Amerika GBV-15 glider, kizwi kandi nka "bombe dexterous".Muri ubwo buryo, irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora laser iyobora ibishishwa.
6.3 Itumanaho rya Laser
Usibye Nd · YAG, laser isohoka ya lithiumneodymiumfosifate kristal (LNP) ifite polarize kandi yoroshye kuyigana, bigatuma iba kimwe mubikoresho byizewe bya micro laser.Irakwiriye nkisoko yumucyo itumanaho rya fibre optique kandi biteganijwe ko izashyirwa mubikorwa bya optique hamwe nogutumanaho kwisi.Byongeye,yttriumicyuma garnet (Y3Fe5O12) kristu imwe irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bitandukanye bya magnetostatike yububiko bwifashishije tekinoroji yo guhuza microwave, bigatuma ibikoresho bihuzwa kandi bigabanuka, kandi bifite porogaramu zidasanzwe mugucunga kure ya radar, telemetrie, kugendana, hamwe nuburyo bwo guhangana na elegitoroniki.
7.Ikoreshwa ryaNtibisanzwe IsiIbikoresho bya superconducting muri tekinoroji ya gisirikare igezweho
Iyo ibintu runaka bibonye zeru munsi yubushyuhe runaka, bizwi nka superconductivity, nubushyuhe bukomeye (Tc).Imashanyarazi ni ubwoko bwibikoresho bya antimagnetiki byanga kugerageza gukoresha umurima wa magneti munsi yubushyuhe bukabije, bizwi nkingaruka za Meisner.Ongeraho ibintu bidasanzwe byisi mubikoresho birenze urugero birashobora kongera cyane ubushyuhe bukomeye Tc.Ibi biteza imbere cyane iterambere nogukoresha ibikoresho birenze urugero.Mu myaka ya za 1980, ibihugu byateye imbere nka Amerika n'Ubuyapani byongeyeho umubare runaka waisi idasanzwes nkalanthanum, yttrium,europium, naerbiumKuri barium oxyde naokiside y'umuringaibice, byavanze, bigakanda, kandi bigacumura kugirango bikore ibikoresho bya ceramique birenze urugero, bigatuma ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya superconducting, cyane cyane mubikorwa bya gisirikare, byagutse cyane.
7.1 Gukoresha imiyoboro ihanitse
Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rya superconducting muri mudasobwa ya elegitoronike bwakorewe mu mahanga, kandi imiyoboro ihuriweho na superconducting yakozwe hifashishijwe ibikoresho bya ceramic superconducting.Niba ubu bwoko bwumuzunguruko ukoreshwa mugukora mudasobwa zidasanzwe, ntibizaba bito gusa mubunini, urumuri muburemere, kandi byoroshye gukoresha, ariko kandi bifite umuvuduko wo kubara byihuta inshuro 10 kugeza 100 kurenza mudasobwa ya semiconductor, hamwe nibikorwa byo kureremba kugera ku nshuro 300 kugeza kuri tiriyari 1 ku isegonda.Kubera iyo mpamvu, igisirikare cy’Amerika kivuga ko mudasobwa nizimara gushyirwaho, zizaba "kugwiza" kugira ngo imikorere ya C1 igerweho mu gisirikare.
7.2 Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya magnetiki yubushakashatsi
Ibikoresho bya magnetiki byoroshye bikozwe mubikoresho bya ceramic superconducting bifite ingano ntoya, byoroshye kugera kubufatanye hamwe na array.Bashobora gukora imiyoboro myinshi hamwe na sisitemu nyinshi zo gutahura ibintu, bikongerera cyane ubushobozi bwamakuru yamakuru kandi bikazamura cyane intera yo kumenya no kumenya ukuri kwa rukuruzi.Ikoreshwa rya magnetometero zirenze urugero ntirishobora gusa kumenya intego zigenda nka tanki, ibinyabiziga, hamwe n’amazi yo mu mazi, ariko kandi bipima ubunini bwazo, biganisha ku mpinduka zikomeye mu mayeri n’ikoranabuhanga nka anti tank hamwe n’intambara yo mu mazi.
Biravugwa ko Navy Navy yo muri Amerika yiyemeje gukora icyogajuru cya kure cyifashisha ibiisi idasanzweibikoresho birenze urugero kugirango bigaragaze kandi bitezimbere tekinoroji ya kure ya sensing.Iyi satelite yitwa Naval Earth Image Observatory yoherejwe mu 2000.
8.GusabaNtibisanzwe IsiIbikoresho bya Magnetostrictive ibikoresho bya tekinoroji ya gisirikare igezweho
Ntibisanzweibikoresho binini bya magnetostrictive ni ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho bikora bishya byakozwe mu mpera za 1980 mumahanga.Ahanini yerekeza kubintu bidasanzwe byisi.Ubu bwoko bwibikoresho bufite agaciro gakomeye cyane kuruta icyuma, nikel, nibindi bikoresho, kandi coefficient ya magnetostrictive yikubye inshuro 102-103 ugereranije n’ibikoresho rusange bya magnetostrictive, bityo byitwa ibikoresho binini cyangwa binini bya magnetostrictive.Mubikoresho byose byubucuruzi, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magnetostrictive yisi bifite agaciro gakomeye ningufu mubikorwa bifatika.Cyane cyane hamwe niterambere ryiterambere rya Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy, hafunguwe ibihe bishya byibikoresho bya magnetostrictive.Iyo Terfenol-D ishyizwe mumaseti ya magneti, ubunini bwayo burahinduka kuruta ubw'ibikoresho bisanzwe bya magnetiki, ibyo bigatuma ibintu bigenda neza bigerwaho.Kugeza ubu, irakoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye, uhereye kuri sisitemu ya lisansi, kugenzura imiyoboro ya valve, guhagarara mikoro kugeza kuri moteri ikoreshwa na telesikopi yo mu kirere hamwe n’ubuyobozi bw’amababa y’indege.Iterambere rya tekinoroji ya Terfenol-D ryateye intambwe ishimishije muburyo bwa tekinoroji yo guhindura amashanyarazi.Kandi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, no kuvugurura inganda gakondo.Gukoresha ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magnetostrictive mubisirikare bigezweho birimo ibintu bikurikira:
8.1 Sonar
Ubusanzwe imyuka ihumanya ya sonar iri hejuru ya 2 kHz, ariko sonar-ya-sonar munsi yiyi frequency ifite ibyiza byayo: iyo hasi yumurongo, ntoya ya attenuation, niko urusaku rwijwi rugenda rukwirakwira, kandi ntirugire ingaruka nke kumazi yo gukingira amazi.Sonars ikozwe mubikoresho bya Terfenol-D irashobora kuzuza ibisabwa imbaraga nyinshi, ingano nto, hamwe na frequency nkeya, bityo byateye imbere byihuse.
8.2 Amashanyarazi yimashanyarazi
Ahanini ikoreshwa kubikoresho bito bigenzurwa - ibikorwa.Harimo kugenzura neza kugera kurwego rwa nanometero, hamwe na pompe za servo, sisitemu yo gutera ibitoro, feri, nibindi bikoreshwa mumodoka za gisirikare, indege za gisirikare hamwe nicyogajuru, robot za gisirikare, nibindi.
8.3 Sensor nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki
Nka magnetometero yo mu mufuka, sensor zo kumenya kwimuka, imbaraga, no kwihuta, hamwe nuburinganire bwimiterere ya acoustic wave.Iyanyuma ikoreshwa kubice bya sensor ya mines, sonar, nibikoresho byo kubika muri mudasobwa.
9. Ibindi bikoresho
Ibindi bikoresho nkaisi idasanzweibikoresho bya luminescent,isi idasanzweibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène, isi idasanzwe ibikoresho bya magnetoresistive,isi idasanzweibikoresho byo gukonjesha bya rukuruzi, naisi idasanzweibikoresho byo kubika magneto-optique byose byakoreshejwe neza mubisirikare bigezweho, bitezimbere cyane imikorere yintambara yintwaro zigezweho.Kurugero,isi idasanzweibikoresho bya luminescent byakoreshejwe neza mubikoresho byo kureba nijoro.Mu ndorerwamo zo kureba nijoro, fosifori yisi idasanzwe ihindura fotone (ingufu zoroheje) muri electron, zongerwaho binyuze mumiriyoni miriyoni ntoya mu ndege ya fibre optique ya microscope, ikagaragaza inyuma n'urukuta, ikarekura electron nyinshi.Bimwe mubidasanzwe bya fosifori kumurongo wumurizo bihindura electroni muri fotone, kugirango ishusho iboneke hamwe nijisho.Iyi nzira isa niyerekanwa rya tereviziyo, ahoisi idasanzweifu ya fluorescent isohora ibara ryamabara kuri ecran.Inganda zabanyamerika zikoresha niobium pentoxide, ariko kugirango sisitemu yo kureba nijoro igerweho, ibintu bidasanzwe byisilanthanumni ikintu cy'ingenzi.Mu ntambara yo mu kigobe, ingabo z’amahanga zakoresheje izo ndorerwamo z'ijoro kugira ngo zirebe intego z’ingabo za Iraki inshuro nyinshi, kugira ngo zitsinde intsinzi nto.
10 .Umwanzuro
Iterambere ryaisi idasanzweinganda zateje imbere iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare rigezweho, kandi iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare naryo ryateje imbere iterambere ry’iterambereisi idasanzweinganda.Nizera ko hamwe niterambere ryihuse ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga ku isi,isi idasanzweibicuruzwa bizagira uruhare runini mugutezimbere ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare rigezweho nimirimo yihariye, kandi bizana inyungu nini mubukungu kandi zidasanzwe mubaturageisi idasanzweinganda ubwazo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-29-2023